Population and urbanization

1
Chapter 15

• Population and urbanization

2
Chapter Outline

• Demography The Study of Population
• Population Growth in Global Context
• A Brief Glimpse at International Migration
  Theories
• Urbanization in Global Perspective
• Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of
  Cities
• Problems in Global Cities
• Urban Problems in the United States
• Population and Urbanization in the Future

3
Population

• Worlds population of 6.2 billion in 2000 is
  increasing by more than 76 million people per
  year.
• Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the worlds
  population growth will be in low-income
  countries.
• By 2015 Population of high income nations will
  increase by 120 million and population of
  low-income nations will increase by 1.7 billion.

4
Changes in Population

• Changes occur as a result of three processes
• fertility (births)
• mortality (deaths)
• migration

5
Ten Leading Causes of Death in the United States,
1900 and 1997
Cause of Death1900 Rank Cause of Death1997
Influenza/pneumonia 1 Heart disease
Tuberculosis 2 Cancer
Stomach/intestinal disease 3 Stroke
Heart disease 4 Chronic lung disease
Cerebral hemorrhage 5 Accidents
Kidney disease 6 Pneumonia and influenza
Accidents 7 Diabetes
Cancer 8 HIV
Diseases in early infancy 9 Suicide
Diphtheria 10 Homicide
6
Migration

• Two types of movement
• Immigration is the movement of people into a
  geographic area to take up residency.
• Emigration is the movement of people out of a
  geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

7
Theories of Population Growth

• The Malthusian Perspective
• The Marxist Perspective
• The Neo-Malthusian Perspective
• Demographic Transition Theory

8
 The Malthusian Perspective

• If left unchecked, the population would exceed
  the available food supply.
• Population would increase in a geometric
  progression (2, 4, 8, 16 . . . ) .
• The food supply would increase only by an
  arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

9
The Marxist Perspective

• Using technology, food can be produced for a
  growing population.
• Overpopulation will lead to the eventual
  destruction of capitalism.
• Workers will become dissatisfied and develop
  class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

10
 The Neo-Malthusian Perspective

• Overpopulation and rapid population growth result
  in global environmental problems.
• People should be encouraging zero population
  growth.

11
 Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 1 Preindustrial Societies - little
  population growth, high birth rates offset by
  high death rates.
• Stage 2 Early Industrialization - significant
  population growth, birth rates are relatively
  high, death rates decline.

12
Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 3 Advanced Industrialization and
  Urbanization - very little population growth
  occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.
• Stage 4 Postindustrialization - birth rates
  decline as more women are employed and raising
  children becomes more costly.

13
World Population in the Future

• World population is increasing 1.8 per year.
• Since many women are of childbearing age,
  replacement fertility results in more births than
  deaths.
• Demographic shifts contribute to a reduction in
  fertility rates and population growth.

14
Development of a City

• Three preconditions
• A favorable physical environment.
• An advanced technology that could produce a
  social surplus.
• A well-developed political system to provide
  social stability to the economic system.

15
Gender Regimes in Cities

• Different cities have different gender regimes
• How women and men should think, feel, and act.
• How access to positions and control of resources
  should be managed.
• How women and men should relate to each other.

16
Simmel's View of City Life

• Urban life is stimulating it shapes people's
  thoughts and actions.
• Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement
  with each other and try to ignore events taking
  place around them.
• Urban living can be liberating - people have
  opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

17
Gans's Urban Villagers

• Five categories of urban dwellers
• Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers,
  musicians, and professionals who live in the city
  to be close to its cultural facilities.
• Unmarried people and childless couples live in
  the city to be close to work and entertainment.

18
Gans's Urban Villagers

1. Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated
   neighborhoods.
2. The deprived are poor people with dim future
   prospects.
3. The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older
   persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.

19
Suburbs

• Since World War II, the U.S. population has
  shifted as people moved to the suburbs.
• Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment
  but pay property taxes to suburban governments
  and school districts.

20
Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism Ecological
Models
Concentric zone model Due to invasion, succession, and gentrification, cities are a series of circular zones, each characterized by a particular land use.
Sector model Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes, with the most expensive areas occupying the best terrain.
Multiple nuclei model Cities have more than one center of development, based on specific needs and activities.
21
Conflict Perspective on Urbanism Political
Economy Models
Capitalism and urban growth The capitalist class chooses locations for skyscrapers and housing projects, limiting individual choices by others.
Gender regimes in cities Different cities have different ideologies regarding access to social positions and resources for men and women.
Global patterns of growth Capital investment decisions by core nations result in uneven growth in peripheral and semiperipheral nations.
22
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Urbanism
Simmels view of city life The intensity of city life causes people to become insensitive to individuals and events around them.
Urbanism as a way of life Size, density, and heterogeneity of urban population result in elaborate division of labor and space.
Ganss urban villagers 5 categories of adaptation occur among urbanites, ranging from cosmopolites to trapped city dwellers.
Gender and city life Cities offer women a paradox more freedom than more isolated areas, yet greater potential danger.
23
Population and Urbanizationin the Future Latin
America

• Latin America is becoming the most urban
  low-income region
• Four megacities - Mexico City (18 million),
  Buenos Aires (12 million), Lima (7 million), and
  Santiago (5 million) - contain more than half the
  regions population.
• By 2010, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo are
  expected to have a combined population of 40
  million.