Title: Chapter 10: Land Use and Urbanization
1Chapter 10 Land Use and Urbanization
- Mr. Manskopf
- Notes also at
- http//www.manskopf.com
2Essential Questions Covered
- What are different land usages?
- What are some local land usages?
- Describe the impact of human activities on the
land. - What are some local and federal laws governing
land usage?
3Section 1 Goals
- What is the difference between land cover and
land use? - Describe how people impact the land.
- Explain how urbanization occurs.
- Describe the environmental impacts of urbanization
4Most people used to live like this
5Increasingly people live like this.
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7Major Urban Regions in U.S.
8- For the first time in history, there are now more
urban residents than rural residents.
9Land Use and Land Cover
Land cover Vegetation and structures that cover
land. Land use Human activities that occur on
land Humans change land cover, especially in
urban areas. These changes have environmental and
economic effects
10What are some land uses and cover in Audubon?
11What does this pie chart tell us? What is largest
land use in U.S.?
12What do these bar graphs show us?
13Urban vs. Rural
- Urban Land mostly covered with buildings and
roads (includes suburbs)
- Rural Any other type of land use or land cover
(includes forests, cropland, etc.)
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17Urbanization
- Occurs when people move from rural areas to
cities - Cities are not new, but the enormous size of
todays cities is. More than 20 cities have at
least 10 million residents.
18Why are people moving to cities and leaving rural
life behind? SHOULD WE CARE?
19Environmental Costs of Urbanization
- Pollution Increased waste, industrial
byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution - What is noise pollution? Light pollution?
20Noise Pollution
21Light Pollution
What the night should look like.
22Environmental Costs of Urbanization
- Heat islands Cities, several degrees warmer
than surrounding areas, affect local weather
and trap pollutants
WHY?
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25What can cities do to reduce this impact?
26Environmental Costs of Urbanization
- Imported resources Fossilfuels are burned to
import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.
27Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
- What do you think are some environmental benefits
if cities?
28Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
- Efficiency Less fuel and resources needed to
distribute goods and services to residents - Universities and research centers Urban areas
tend to foster education and innovation. - Land Preservation Dense urban centers leave room
for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and
privacy.
29Section 1 Review
- What is the difference between land cover and
land use? - Describe how people impact the land.
- Explain how urbanization occurs.
- Describe the environmental impacts of
urbanization
30Section 1 Quiz
- 1) Which type of area would Miami, Florida, be
considered? - A. urban B. rural
C. country D. suburban
312) What is one of the primary factors that draws
people from rural areas to urban areas?A. less
pollution B. more jobs C. more open
space D. heat islands
323) A jackhammer on a city street is an example of
what type of pollution?A. light
B. water C. noise D. air
334) Trees, grass, crops, wetlands, water,
buildings, and pavement are all examples ofA.
land use. B. land cover.
C. urban areas. D. rural
areas.
345) The primary type of land cover in the United
States today isA. forest land.
B. cropland. C. urban land.
D. parks and preserves.
356) Land that is sparsely populated and has few
buildings or roads is defined as a(n)A.
infrastructure. B. heat island. C.
urban area. D. rural area.
367) The shift of a population from the countryside
to cities is calledA. urbanization.
B. infrastructure. C. land
preservation. D. an ecological footprint.
37Describe this diagram. 8) What does it show?
38Section 2 Sprawl Goals
- Describe what contributes to sprawl and its
patterns. - Explain the impacts of sprawl.
39Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S.
cities.
40In 1950, 65 of the U.S. population lived in
urban (including suburban) areas, while 35 lived
rurally. In 2010, 89 was urban and only 11
rural.
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43What is sprawl?
- The spread of low-density urban or suburban
development outward from a dense urban core - Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces
population growth because suburbs allow more
space per person than cities
44Primary Contributors to Sprawl
- Population Growth
- Increase per capita land use
- Cheap gasoline
- Decay of inner cities
- Cheaper to build new than rebuild (less expensive
land)
45Primary Contributors to Sprawl
- 6) Improved road system
- 7) Affordable cars
- 8) Government subsidies of mortgages,
infrastructure projects
46Contributors to Sprawl
47Patterns of Sprawl
- Uncentered commercial strip development
- Low-density single-use residential development
- Scattered, or leapfrog, development
- Sparse street network
48Per Capita Land Consumption
49Why care about sprawl?
50Impacts of Sprawl
- Transportation Little to no public
transportation - Must use car to get anything
- Air pollution
51Impacts of Sprawl
- Public health May promote inactivity, and by
extension obesity and high blood pressure
52Impacts of Sprawl
- Land Use Less land left as open space, forests,
and farms - Habitat destruction and fragmentation
- Farmland destroyed
- Road kill
- Soil erosion
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54Impacts of Sprawl
- Economics Wealth tending to concentrate in
suburbs, leaving urban areas poor - Decline of town centers
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56Impacts of Sprawl
- Water Pollution
- Wetland Destruction
- Increased runoff
- Increased flooding risk
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58Section 2 Review
- Describe what contributes to sprawl and its
patterns. - Explain the impacts of sprawl.
59Section 2 Quiz
- 1) Sprawl increases carbon dioxide emissions by
- A. generating more factories. B.
increasing the need to drive. - C. resulting in more tree growth. D.
expanding the use of public transportation.
602) Per capita land consumption meansA. the
amount of land a country uses as a whole.
B. the amount of and each person uses.C.
the type of land covered by state capitals.
D. the type of land people live on.
613) Which of the following factors contributed to
sprawl in the United States?A. more affordable
automobiles B. improved roads C.
less expensive land D. all of the
above
624) Explain how sprawl affects human health.
63Section 3 Sustainable Cities
64Section 3 Goals
- Discuss land use planning
- Explain the importance of transportation choices
- Differentiate green building from traditional
building
65Land Use Planning
- Land Use Planning determining in advance how
land will be used - Where do we put
- Houses, schools, businesses, roads, factories,
etc. - What land should be left open?
66Land Use Planning
- City planners attempt to design cities that both
work well and look and feel appealing. - Zoning Classification of land areas for
different types of development and land use - An area can be mixed use or single use.
- Involves restrictions on the use of private
land
67Land Use Plan
68Audubon Zoning
http//www.boroughofaudubon.com/Zoning_.html
69Infrastructure
- Infrastructure all the things we build to
support living - Buildings
- Roads
- Sewers
- Water treatment plants
- Powerplants
- Environmental/ societal costs?
70Smart Growth
- Focuses on economic and environmental approaches
to avoiding sprawl - Builds up, not out
- Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing
urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites
71Smart Growth
- Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the
need to drive - Requires good public transportation systems
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74Transportation
75Smart Growth Transportation
- Public transportation a key factor in the quality
of urban life - Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less
polluting than cars - Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes,
vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and
encouraging bicycle and bus use.
76Explain what this graph shows
77Busses
- More flexible than rail system
- Can be rerouted as needed
- Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail
system - Can greatly reduce car use and pollution
- Can lose money because they need low fares to
attract riders - Often get caught in traffic unless operating in
express lanes - Commit riders to transportation schedules
- Noisy
78Trains
- More energy efficient than cars
- Produce less air pollution than cars
- Require less land than roads and parking areas
for cars - Cause fewer injuries and deaths than cars
- Reduce car congestion in cities
- Expensive to build and maintain
- Cost effective only along a densely populated
narrow corridor - Commit riders to Transportation schedules
- Can cause noise and vibration for nearby
residents
79Bicycles
Advantages
Disadvantages
Affordable Produce no pollution Quiet
Require little parking space Easy to maneuver
in traffic Take few resources to make Very
energy efficient Provide exercise
Little protection in an accident Do not
protect riders from bad weather Not practical
for trips longer than 8 kilometers (5 miles)
Can be tiring (except for electric bicycles)
Lack of secure bike parking
80Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000
parking spaces to encourage the use of public
transportation within the city.
81Bike Parking Garage Netherlands
Bike lanes in NYC
82Green Building
- The goals of a green building are to save energy
and resources without sacrificing peoples
comfort.
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84Section 3 Review
- Discuss land use planning
- Explain the importance of transportation choices
- Differentiate green building from traditional
building
85Section 3 Quiz
- 1) Which of the following is a principle of smart
growth? - protecting wildlife habitats
- B. focusing development outside of existing urban
centers - C. creating neighborhoods best suited for cars
- D. building up, not out
86- 2) Which form of transportation uses the most
energy per passenger-mile? - commuter rail
- automobile
- bus
- D. heavy rail
87- 3) One of the results of green building design is
reduced - use of mass transit.
- B. energy bills.
- sprawl around major cities.
- D. personal space and comfort.
88- 4) Which statement about sustainable cities is
true? - A. They can help improve the standard of living
for residents. - B. No major cities have made significant progress
toward sustainability yet. - C. They are only successful in the developed
world. - D. They often help encourage sprawl.
89- 5) Transportation systems, communications
systems, water services, power supplies, and
schools are all examples of - infrastructure.
- rural areas.
- ecological footprints.
- D. land use.
90Short Answer
- 6) Propose a way how a city government could
encourage the use of bicycles.
91Short Answer
- 7) What are two ways governments can encourage
the use of mass transit?
928) Summarize the main idea of this graph in one
sentence.
93Chapter 10 Sustainable Cities
- What are different land usages?
- What are some local land usages?
- Describe the impact of human activities on the
land.