Population and Urbanization

1
Population and Urbanization

• Chapter 15

2
Demography and Fertility

• Demography is a field of sociology that examines
  population size, composition, and distribution.
• Demography is used to examine the effects of
  population on society
• Fertility is the level of childbearing for an
  individual or population.
• This is affected by the demography.
• How many women?
• Health and nutrition?

3
Birth Rates and Mortality

• Crude birth ratethe number of live births per
  1000 people in a given year.
• 14.2 in 2000
• 27 in 1947 (baby boom)
• Some nations have high crude birth rates but also
  have high infant mortality rates.
• Mortality is the incidence of death in a
  population.
• Crude death ratenumber of deaths per 1000 in a
  given year.
• Infant mortality ratenumber of deaths with
  infants under 1 year.

4
Migration

• Migration is the movement of people from one
  geographic area to another (forced or voluntary).
• Wars
• Persecution
• Natural disasters
• Political unrest

5
Migration

• Two types of movement
• Immigration is the movement of people into a
  geographic area to take up residency.
• Pull factorspeople are pulled to an area
• Freedom, democratic government etc
• Emigration is the movement of people out of a
  geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.
• Push factorspeople are pushed from an area
• Natural disasters, tyrannical government

6
Population Composition

• Population composition is a part of demography
  that looks at the make up of the population
  including
• Age
• Sex
• Marital status
• Education
• Occupation
• Income
• Size of household

7
Population

• Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the worlds
  1.4 annual population growth will occur in
  low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin
  America.
• 6 billion in 1999, 7 billion in 2011.
• Predicted to be 8 billion by 2023 and 10 billion
  by 2050.
• Many feel Earth cant support that

8
Growth in the Worlds Population
9
Leading Causes of Death in the United States
1900 Rank 1997
Influenza/pneumonia 1 Heart disease
Tuberculosis 2 Cancer
Intestinal disease 3 Stroke
Heart disease 4 Chronic lung disease
Cerebral hemorrhage 5 Accidents
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Leading Causes of Death in the United States
1900 Rank 1997
Kidney disease 6 Pneumonia and influenza
Accidents 7 Diabetes
Cancer 8 HIV
Diseases in early infancy 9 Suicide
Diphtheria 10 Homicide
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Theories of Population Growth

• The Malthusian Perspective
• The Marxist Perspective
• The Neo-Malthusian Perspective
• Demographic Transition Theory

13
Malthusian Perspective

• If left unchecked, the population would exceed
  the available food supply.
• Population would increase in a geometric
  progression (2, 4, 8, ) .
• The food supply would increase by an arithmetic
  progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).
• Believed only acceptable check on population is
  moral restraint.
• People should practice abstinence.

14
Marxist Perspective

• Using technology, food can be produced for a
  growing population.
• Capitalism is the root of the problem
• Wealthy control the resources and means of food
  production.
• Overpopulation will lead to the eventual
  destruction of capitalism.
• Workers will become dissatisfied and develop
  class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

15
The Neo-Malthusian Perspective

• More recent movement.
• Overpopulation and rapid population growth result
  in global environmental problems.
• Believe in use of birth control
• People should be encouraging zero population
  growth.
• Population balancesdoes not grow

16
Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 1 Preindustrial Societies - little
  population growth, high birth rates offset by
  high death rates.
• Stage 2 Early Industrialization - significant
  population growth, birth rates are relatively
  high, death rates decline.

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Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 3 Advanced Industrialization and
  Urbanization - very little population growth
  occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.
• Stage 4 Postindustrialization - birth rates
  decline as more women are employed and raising
  children becomes more costly.

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Fig. 15-3, p. 457
19
Urbanization
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Development of a City

• City a relatively permanent and dense settlement
  of people with non-agricultural activities.
• Three preconditions
• A favorable physical environment.
• An advanced technology that could produce a
  social surplus.
• A well-developed political system to provide
  social stability to the economic system.

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Earliest Cities

• About 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia
• 5000-10,000 people
• Rome grew to 650,000 around 100

22

p. 460
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Concentric Zone Model Functionalist Perspective)

• Each area of the city is developed depending on
  land use. Areas move from center circularly.
• Invasionnew type of land use evolves in occupied
  area
• Successionthe invading land use eventually
  dominates the area
• Gentrificationmiddle and upper middle classes
  move into city and renovate.

24
Sector and Multiple Nuclei

• Sector model emphasizes the importance of terrain
  and transportation in the layout of a city.
• Multiple Nuclei model says that cities have
  numerous centers of development.

25

Fig. 15-4, p. 464
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Conflict Perspective

• Conflict theorists believe that cities do not
  grow or decline by chancethey believe they are
  the products of capitalist decisions.
• Cities are developed based on exchange valuethe
  profits that the wealthy make from development.

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

• Simmel's View of City Life
• Urban life is stimulating it shapes people's
  thoughts and actions.
• Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement
  with each other and try to ignore events taking
  place around them.
• Urban living can be liberating - people have
  opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

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Suburbs

• Since World War II, the U.S. population has
  shifted as people moved to the suburbs.
• Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment
  but pay property taxes to suburban governments
  and school districts.
• Leads to fiscal crisis in cities.

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Fig. 15-5, p. 471
30

Fig. 15-6, p. 474