Chapter 19 Population and Urbanization

1
Chapter 19Population and Urbanization

• Demography The Study of Population
• Population Growth in Global Context
• A Brief Glimpse at International Migration
  Theories
• Urbanization in Global Perspective

2
Chapter 19Population and Urbanization

• Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of
  Cities
• Problems in Global Cities
• Urban Problems in the U.S.
• Population and Urbanization in the Future

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Population

• Worlds population is increasing by more than 76
  million people per year.
• Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world's
  1.4 annual population growth will occur in
  low-income countries.

4
Migration

• Two types of movement
• Immigration is the movement of people into a
  geographic area to take up residency.
• Emigration is the movement of people out of a
  geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

5
 The Malthusian Perspective

• If left unchecked, the population would exceed
  the available food supply.
• Population would increase in a geometric
  progression (2, 4, 8, 16 . . . ) .
• The food supply would increase only by an
  arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

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The Marxist Perspective

• Using technology, food can be produced for a
  growing population.
• Overpopulation will lead to the eventual
  destruction of capitalism.
• Workers will become dissatisfied and develop
  class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

7
 The Neo-Malthusian Perspective

• Overpopulation and rapid population growth result
  in global environmental problems.
• People should be encouraging zero population
  growth.

8
 Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 1 Preindustrial Societies - little
  population growth, high birth rates offset by
  high death rates.
• Stage 2 Early Industrialization - significant
  population growth, birth rates are relatively
  high, death rates decline.

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Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage 3 Advanced Industrialization and
  Urbanization - very little population growth
  occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.
• Stage 4 Postindustrialization - birth rates
  decline as more women are employed and raising
  children becomes more costly.

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Development of a City

• Three preconditions are required
• A favorable physical environment.
• An advanced technology that could produce a
  social surplus.
• A well-developed political system to provide
  social stability to the economic system.

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Gender Regimes in Cities

• Different cities have different gender regimes
• How women and men should think, feel, and act.
• How access to positions and control of resources
  should be managed.
• How women and men should relate to each other.

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Simmel's View of City Life

• Urban life is stimulating it shapes people's
  thoughts and actions.
• Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement
  with each other and try to ignore events taking
  place around them.
• Urban living can be liberating - people have
  opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

13
Gans's Urban Villagers

• Five categories of urban dwellers
• Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers,
  musicians, and professionals who live in the city
  to be close to its cultural facilities.
• Unmarried people and childless couples live in
  the city to be close to work and entertainment.

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Gans's Urban Villagers

1. Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated
   neighborhoods.
2. The deprived are poor people with dim future
   prospects.
3. The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older
   persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.