Unit 1 Early Civilizations

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Unit 1 Early Civilizations

• Prehistory A.D. 1570

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Map on page 1

• The first of the worlds civilizations arose
  around 3000 B.C. in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Other
  civilizations followed in India, China, southern
  Europe, and the Americas. By around 800 B.C.,
  the warlike Assyrians had established an empire
  in the Fertile Crescent, a region stretching from
  Mesopotamia in the east to the Mediterranean Sea
  in the West. In Egypt, the power of the pharaohs
  were declining. Their neighbors to the south,
  the Nubians, would soon conquer Egypt. In India,
  the Aryans had developed a civilization based on
  beliefs that would later give rise to two major
  religions Hinduism and Buddhism.

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• In China, the Zhou dynasty headed another
  civilization. Around this time, the first Greek
  city-states had emerged. Meanwhile, Phoenician
  sea traders had established trading colonies
  throughout the Mediterranean. One colony,
  Carthage, later became the center of a coastal
  empire that would fight a series of wars against
  Rome. Far across the Atlantic, advanced cultures
  were developing in several parts of the Americas.

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Unit 1 Content

• Chapter 1 Foundations of Civilization
  (Prehistory 300 B.C.)
• Chapter 2 The Ancient Middle East and Egypt
  (3200 B.C. 500 B.C.)
• Chapter 3 Ancient India and China
  (2600 B.C. A.D. 550)
• Chapter 4 Ancient Greece (1750 B.C. 133 B.C.)
• Chapter 5 Ancient Rome and the Rise of
  Christianity (509 B.C. A.D. 476)
• Chapter 6 Civilizations of the Americas
  (Prehistory A.D. 1570)

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• Based on these chapter titles and your study of
  the map, what do you predict you will learn about
  in this unit?

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Which of the following statements do you most
agree with?

• We study history because past events have an
  impact on us today.
• We study history because we can learn from the
  mistakes of the past.
• We study history because we interact with people
  around the world.
• We study history because a democracy requires us
  to be informed citizens.

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Chapter Focus Question

• What was life like in early times and how did it
  change as civilizations began to develop?

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Chapter 1, Section 1Understanding Our Past

• WH 1.1 Analyze the development of early human
  communities.
• WH 1.2 Describe the evidence and methods used
  to reconstruct early history.
• Focus Question What have scholars learned about
  the ancestors of humans, and how have they done
  so?

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A Clue from the Past

• Can we relate to our ancestors?
• What discovery would you want to be associated
  with finding and processing?
• Brainstorm a list of terms and topics you
  associate with the distant past.

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Prehistory

• When does history begin?
• How do we know about prehistory?
• Like a detective, a historian must evaluate all
  evidence to determine if it is reliable.
• Possible bias?

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Checkpoint page 5
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• Artifacts such as clothing, coins, artwork, and
  tombstones, as well as written evidence such as
  letters or tax records.
• What is your history? Can it be traced?

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Culture

• Historian
• Archaeologist
• Anthropology
• Revision new evidence, new discoveries, new
  insight

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New Evidence

• Computers
• Lessons learned, other discoveries, shared
  information
• Aerial photographs
• Before and after pictures (page 7)
• Techniques

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African Discoveries

• Louis and Mary Leakey background suited to work
• Tanzania and Olduvai Gorge
• geological yardstick
• Needs and skills of each group of people...
• Lucy

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Who? Where? What?

• Homo Erectus remains have been found in Asia and
  Europe, making scholars think they were the first
  hominids to migrate out of Africa.
• Modern humans belong to what group?
• Out of Africa

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Section 2The Worlds First Revolution

• W.H. 1.1 Analyze the development of early human
  communities.
• W.H. 1.2 Describe the evidence and methods used
  to reconstruct early history.
• W.H. 1.3 Describe characteristics of early
  large agricultural settlements.

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Section 2Focus Question

• How was the introduction of agriculture a turning
  point in prehistory?

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• Parts of the Stone Age Paleolithic (Old),
  Mesolithic (Middle), Neolithic (New)
• During the New Stone Age, people began to develop
  new skills and technologies that led to dramatic
  changes in their everyday live.

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• Nomads
• Food
• How do hunting and gathering groups balance each
  other?
• Adaption
• What was the key development in prehistory that
  led to the rise of civilization? How did it
  occur?
• Transition

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• Tool making
• Development of language
• Travel
• Religion develops huge process
• Animism believed world was full of spirits and
  forces that might reside in animals, objects, or
  dreams

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New Stone Age

• Neolithic Revolution learn to farm
• Surplus
• The process stay in one place, develop
  settlements, specialization
• Domestication
• Crops vary people in West Africa and Southeast
  Asia domesticated yams, in China millet and rice,
  in Central America and Mexico squash, and in the
  Middle East barley, chickpeas, peas, lentils, and
  wheat.

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Connect to Our World

• From its origins in the Neolithic Revolution,
  agriculture remains a predominant human activity
  today. Nearly 50 of the worlds people still
  engage in some form of agriculture. While in
  industrialized countries less than 3of people
  work in agriculture, in developing countries the
  figure is around 60. In industrialized nations,
  modern science and technology have revolutionized
  the growing, cultivating, and harvesting of
  plants, as wells as food processing and
  distribution. In less-developed regions,
  practices still resemble those of ancient times,
  including the use of human and animal labor and
  slash-and-burn techniques.

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Color Transparency

• Jericho built between 10,000 and 9,000 BC
• Catalhuyuk built around 7,000 BC
• Background The earliest settlers of Jericho
  were probably Mesolithic, and date to around
  9,000 BC. Jericho gradually developed into a
  farming society, whose people built walls around
  their city. These inhabitants were displaced
  around 7,000 BC, possibly by invaders from
  northern Syria.

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• For the next 3,000 years, occupation of Jericho
  was sparse. By 2,300 BC, however, Jericho was
  walled again, and nomadic settlers, the Amorites,
  occupied the city. The Amorites were succeeded
  by the Canaanites, the Canaanites by the Romans,
  and the Romans by the Muslims. After Jericho was
  incorporated into Jordan in 1949, large groups of
  Arab refugees populated the area. Today Jericho
  falls within the boundaries of the
  Israeli-occupies West Bank.

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• Once the Neolithic Revolution had begun, no
  greater change in the people lived took place
  until the Industrial Revolution of the late
  1700s.
• Cultural Diffusion

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Section 2, Question 5

• Make comparisons How was settled village life
  different from nomadic life? Consider population
  size, social status, and technology in your
  answer.

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Section 3Beginnings of Civilization

• W.H. 2.1 Define civilization and identify
  differences between civilizations and other
  social organizations
• W.H. 2.2 Compare how civilizations developed in
  Africa and Asia
• W.H. 2.3 Examine early social structures
• W.H. 2.3 Explain the influence of religion on
  governmental systems
• W.H. 2.4 Explain early relationships between
  state authority and aristocratic power, taxation
  systems, and institutions of coerced labor
• Section Focus Question How did the worlds
  first civilizations arise and develop.

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Civilization

• Organization and Complexity
• Physical Environment

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Basic Features that Define a Civilization

• Organized governments
• Complex religions
• Job specialization
• Social classes
• Arts and architecture
• Public works
• Writing
• Chart on Page 20

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Governments

• Evolved from what? Elders, councils, chief
• Large scale projects
• Food
• Major efforts
• Laws, taxes, defense
• Rights to rule, process.

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Priority?

• With social class, what about those who produce
  food? Importance?

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Link to Art

• Archaeologists learn a great deal about ancient
  people by analyzing the art they leave behind.
  Whether a simple line drawing or an elaborate
  bronze sculpture, art reveals a great deal about
  the lives of the makers. Art may reflect
  religious beliefs, as in the case of Egyptian
  tomb paintings, or it may reveal scenes of
  everyday life. Some forms of art show warfare or
  captives this tells us about the priorities of
  their rulers, the prowess of their military, or
  their use of propaganda.

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• Could public works, such as bridge on page 21,
  have been developed before the rise of
  civilization?
• Scribes and importance
• Scarcity
• City-states
• Empire benefits include ending war between
  neighboring communities and created common bonds
  among people

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• Nomadic groups often excelled in art and
  sciences. For example, many groups developed
  sophisticated traditions in oral poetry, music,
  weaving, jewelry making, and animal raising.

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The End