AP REVIEW SESSION FOUNDATIONS UNIT: 8,000 BCE

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AP REVIEW SESSIONFOUNDATIONS UNIT 8,000 BCE
600 CE
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AP WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

• Be able to recognize and name the various regions
  of the world
• In using the AP Time Periods, have a general
  understanding of what countries existed in the
  various regions

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AP World Themes

1. Patterns and impacts or interaction among major
   societies trade, war, diplomacy, and
   international organizations
2. The relationship of change and continuity across
   the world history periods covered in this course.
3. Impact of technology and demography on people and
   the environment (population growth and decline,
   disease, manufacturing, migrations, agriculture,
   weaponry).

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Themes continued

1. Systems of social structure and gender structure
   (comparing major features within and among
   societies and assessing change).
2. Cultural and intellectual developments and
   interactions among and within societies.
3. Changes in functions and structures of states and
   in attitudes toward stat4es and political
   identities (political culture), including the
   emergence of the nation-state (types of political
   organization).

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Habits of Mind

• First Category
• Constructing and evaluating arguments
• Using docs other primary data developing the
  skills necessary to analyze p.o.v., context,
  bias, and to understand and interpret information
• Developing the ability to assess issues of change
  and continuity over time
• Enhancing the capacity to handle diversity of
  interpretations through analysis of context,
  bias, and frame of reference

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Habits of Mind

• Second Category
• Seeing global patterns over time and space while
  also acquiring the ability to connect local
  developments to global ones and to move through
  levels of generalizations from the global to the
  particular
• Developing the ability to compare within and
  among societies, including comparing societies
  reactions to global processes
• Developing the ability to assess claims of
  universal standards yet remaining aware of human
  commonalities and differences putting culturally
  diverse ideas and values in historical context,
  not suspending judgment but developing
  understanding.

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CHRONOLOGY OF THE COURSE

• Foundations 8,000 BCE - 600 CE
• 600 CE 1450
• 1450 1750
• 1750 1914
• 1914 the present
• THESE ARE YOUR TIME BREAKS

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FOUNDATIONS8,000 BCE 600 CEOverview

• What is civilization?
• Time periodization in early human history
• Sources of change connection/diffusion vs.
  independent invention?
• Development of agriculture
• Early Civilizations- culture, state, social
  structures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley
  (all in ch. 1), China (ch. 2), Mesoamerica /
  Andean South America (ch. 2)
• Classical Civilizations- China (ch. 5), India
  (ch.6), Greece (ch.4), Rome (ch.5)
• Major Belief Systems Polytheism, Hinduism,
  Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism,
  Christianity
• Collapse of empires- Han, Rome
• The Big Picture

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WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?

• Forms of complex social and cultural development
  characterized by innovative agric tech,
  demographic density, settled patterns of
  habitation in towns or cities, trade networks,
  hierarchical polit/soc systems and the spread of
  it all.
• Spread of influence through trade and conquest

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PERIODIZATION IN HUMAN HISTORY

• Pre-8,000 BCE Nomads
• 8,000 BCE3,000 BCE Neolithic or Agricultural
  Revolution
• --move to settled agriculture b/c of cultivation
  of plants, domestication of animals
• Early Civilizations 3,000 BCE--
• Classical Civilizations differed by region,
  roughly 2,000 BCE (Mediterranean) 300500 BCE
  (India and China)
• Late Classical 200 CE600 CE, marked by collapse
  of great civilizations

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DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

• Nomads follow food look for shelter
• Foragers (Hu Gath)
• Small grps tied to nature
• Few possessions
• Pastoral domesticate animals follow water/food
  for herds
• SHIFT TO ?

• Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)
• Domesticate plants
• Settled communities
• Property ownership
• Food surplus
• Specialization
• Complex, organized societies

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MESOPOTAMIA

• land b/t the rivers Tigris Euphrates
• Sumer 1st major Mes. Civ
• Cuneiform writing- laws, soc/relig customs
• Trade spread cuneiform via wheel
• Polytheistic, ziggurats
• Babylon Code of Hammurabi, justice, application
  of laws to everyone
• Diffusion of cultural heritage, relig, laws,
  customs, technology through time. Adoption and
  adaptation by conquering civilizations

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ANCIENT EGYPT

• Nile Flooding
• Pharaohs, hieroglyphics
• Dependency on trade for timber stone from
  building projects
• Polytheistic- pyramids for the afterlife
• 1st Female ruler in history, Queen Hatshepsut
  more rights than Mesopotamia, though subservient
  to men

• Social pyramid
• Pharaoh-gt priests-gt nobles-gt merchants/artisans-gt
  peasants-gt slaves
• Expansion of empire became vulnerable to
  invasion

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS2500 BCE1500 BCE

• contact limited b/c of geography Northwest
  India
• Polytheistic
• Aryan dominance relig belief in reincarnation-
  foundation of Hinduism
• Caste system combined w/ Hinduism
• Rigid system, no social mobility

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SHANG CHINA16001100 BCE(remember the dynasty
song?)

• Yellow River valley
• Trade-centered, though limited contact w/ outside
  world
• Shaped ethnocentric worldview, center of the
  world
• Spoked wheel, pottery and silk
• Decimal system, calendar

• Zhou Dynasty 1100-256 BCE
• Mandate of Heaven
• Feudal system king, nobles to run the ctry
• Bureaucracies

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MESOAMERICA ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA

• Olmec- Mexico urban. Corn, beans, squash from
  irrigation techniques polytheistic
• Chavin- Andes Mtns urban, sea access metal
  tools and weapons
• Key points
• developed independently of other civ during same
  time period
• Not in river valleys

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CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS China, India, Greece,
Rome

• 300 BCE500 CE
• Four empires of India and China
• Mauryan in India 321-180 BCE
• Gupta in India 320-467 CE
• Qin China 221209 BCE
• Han China 200 BCE-200 CE

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India The Mauryan Empire321-180 BCE

• Aryan culture and belief systems spread
  throughout India
• Small Aryan kingdoms united by Chandragupta
  Maurya
• His grandson, Ashoka greatest leader
• Trade in silk, cotton, elephants strong military
• Ashoka converted to Buddhism preached
  nonviolence
• Conversion helped spread Bism in India and SE
  Asia

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The Gupta Dynasty in India320-467 CE

• Decentralized smaller than Mauryan
• Golden Age relative peace advances in art and
  sciences
• Use of iron for tools and weaponry
• Hinduism reasserts dominance, Bism absorbed into
  it
• Caste system and women
• Strict social structures
• Loss of rights couldnt own prop, study relig,
  participate in sacred rituals
• Child marriage at 6 or 7 yrs old

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The Qin Dynasty in China221209 BCE

• Strong agricultural economy
• Powerful army w/ iron weapons
• Conquered territories unified region
• Built Great Wall of China organization,
  centralized, standardization of weights, writing.
  No dissent
• Patriarchal
• Legalism tough, rigid laws rewards
  punishments strong govt, unquestioned authority

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HAN CHINA200 BCE200 CE

• Wu Ti warrior emperor, enlarged empire to
  central Asia
• Trade along Silk Road to Med. Sea transmission
  of Buddhism and culture
• Civil service system highly educated govt w/
  skilled workers
• Exam only wealthy could prepare, govt
  bureaucracy w/ stability
• Invention of paper, calendars, use of metals

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Greece2000 BCE336 BCE

• Geography ¾ mtns peninsula in Aegean Sea
  trade via sea, contact w/ Mediterranean peoples
  cultural diffusion
• Society city-states (polis) independent
• Religion Greek Mythology, humanized
• Athens political, commercial, cultural center of
  G civ
• Sparta military, disciplined,

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The Polis

• Three groups in polis
• Citizens adult males
• Free people w/ no political rights
• Noncitizens (slaves, 1/3 of people in Athens, no
  rights)
• Civic decisions made through debate
• Not a true democracy only adult males
• Existence of slavery allowed for Greeks to
  develop democracy

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Golden Age of Athens and Alexander the Great

• Persian Wars united all city-states, era of peace
  and prosperity under Pericles
• Cultural center, democracy for all adult males
• Delian League alliance led by Athens
• Philosophers S-gtP-gtA rational thought,
  observation
• Arts science gains inspired later Euro
  Renaissance, Enlightenment
• Athens defeated by Sparta in Peloponnesian War
• Macedonians invade Alex the Great expanded
  empire to India (Antigonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid
  regions)
• Hellenism culture, ideals, and pattern of life
  of Classical Greece spread throughout Alexs
  empire and remained

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Rome509 BCE--476 CE

• Geography peninsula, crossroads of Med Sea
• Social (Roman Republic) patricians- land-owning
  nobles plebians- all other free men
• Representative Republic Senate (patrician
  families) Assembly (patricians, then plebians)
  governed w/ two consuls
• 12 Tables civil laws, innocent until guilty
• Family pater familias women could own prop,
  though inferior
• Slavery, 1/3 of pop at one time came from
  conquered territory

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Rome continued

• Military able to conquer Carthage, control W.
  Med region
• Republic to Empire
• Displacement of small farmers to cities
• Inflation, plebians poor
• 1st Triumvirate Pompey, Crassus, Caesar
• Caesar emperor for life
• Augustus Pax Romana
• Growth of area and arts and sciences

• Religon Republic, paganism, (polytheist)
• Christianity challenged Roman authority. Both
  Jews Christians persecuted by Romans
• Constantine converts 312 CE, official religion of
  Rome
• Collapse empire divided W E by Diocletian
  Constantine moved capital to Byzantium

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COLLAPSE OF EMPIRES Han China Rome

• Internal economic depression, social unrest,
  natural disasters
• External invading armies
• China internal collapse military expenses
  rich/poor tensions famine
• Rome both! Empire divided, inflation, civil
  war invasions by Visigoths, Huns

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MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS

• Polytheism
• Confucianism
• Daoism
• Legalism
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• Judaism
• Christianity

• What are the basic, overall principles of each?
• What impact did each have on soc, polit,
  cultural, military developments?
• Did it spread? Where and how? Conflict w/ other
  religions?

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INTERREGIONAL NETWORKS OF TRADE AND RELIGIOUS
DIFFUSION

• 200-600 CE
• Silk Road China to Rome interactions along the
  way w/ settled, pastoral communities
• Med. Sea trade
• Culture, language, religion, goods, disease
• Indian Ocean Trade Network

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THE BIG PICTURECivilizations

• Agriculture
• Written language
• Use of metals
• Food surpluses, specialization
• Period of peace and prosperity no rivals,
  devotion to arts/sciences golden age
• Collapse internal/external pressures

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SOURCES OF CHANGE Connection/Diffusion vs.
Independent invention

• Cultural Diffusion change in society b/c of
  interaction w/ another culture/society
• Most common- trade conquest
• Use of wheel and iron
• Independent invention new invention or use of
  something in new way
• Innovation adaptation inventions spread,
  borrowed stuff adapted to own needs

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HUMANS VS. NATURE

• Irrigation, canals, plowing
• Development of civ dealt w/ nature better,
  threats from other civilizations
• Religion from appeasing gods to internal peace,
  salvation

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MAJOR COMPARISONS knowledge of these will
improve essays!!!

• Compare major religious and philosophical systems
  in terms of social hierarchy (Hinduism contrasted
  w/ Confucianism
• Role of women in difft belief systems
• How and why the collapse of empire more severe in
  western Europe than in eastern Mediterranean and
  China

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MAJOR COMPARSIONS cont

• Compare caste system to other systems of social
  inequality in early and classical civilizations
• Compare the development of traditions and
  institutions in major civilizations, e.g.,
  Indian, Chinese, Greek
• Describe interregional trading system, e.g.,
  Indian Ocean trade