Title: Unit 8: Lecture 4 Anti-War Movements
1Unit 8 Lecture 4Anti-War Movements Other
Civil Rights Movements
- Feminist Movement
- Chicano Movement
- LGBT Movement
2Chapter 161960s Counterculture the Anti-War
Movement
3The Anti-War Movement
- When the war in Vietnam began, many Americans
believed that defending South Vietnam from
communist aggression was in the national
interest. Communism was threatening free
governments across the globe. Any sign of
non-intervention from the United States might
encourage revolutions elsewhere. - As the war dragged on, more and more Americans
grew weary of mounting casualties and escalating
costs. The small antiwar movement grew into an
unstoppable force, pressuring American leaders to
reconsider its commitment - The Cold War turned hot in Vietnam, and it along
with a conservative U.S. government represented
something that Americas youth was ready to let
go of. Combined with the changing counterculture
Americas values were shifting into something
new.
4What was the Counterculture
- The 1960s were a period when long-held values and
norms of behavior seemed to break down,
particularly among the young. Many college-age
men and women became political activists and were
the driving force behind the civil rights and
antiwar movements. Other young people simply
dropped out and separated themselves from
mainstream culture through their appearance and
lifestyle. Attitudes toward sexuality appeared to
loosen, and women began to openly protest the
traditional roles of housewife and mother that
society had assigned to them. - How did it start?
- The post WWII Baby Boomers filled College
Campuses and questioned the traditional ideas
about American culture from fashion to politics
to relationships. - Inspired by the beat movement emphasizing freedom
from materialism, the Civil Rights Movement
pushed idea of social political protest, the
Vietnam Anti-War movement united a generation of
young Americans
5Who were the hippies and what did they want?
- The term hippy comes from being hip You were
either hip and broke traditional ways of living
in American or you were a square conservative
American, or a pigpolice. - A generation of Americans who rejected
established institutions, criticized middle class
values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam
War, embraced aspects of Eastern philosophy,
championed sexual liberation, were often
vegetarian and eco-friendly, promoted the use of
psychedelic drugs which they believed expanded
one's mind. - Hippies wanted to distance themselves from
mainstream ways of life. - They discarded possessions and often lived in
parks or campsites in the woods. - Living like this made them feel free
- Nudity was another form of freedom
6What did people experience if they were apart of
the counterculture?
- Communes
- Shared responsibility
- Rural living
- Free Love Birth Control Pill
- No STDs
7What were the negative or dangerous aspects of
C.C.?
- Drugs like marijuana and LSD were a big part of
the hippy/counterculture movement. - Using drugs made hippies feel like the were
rebelling from mainstream society. - People thought drugs were a way to expand the
potential of the human mind to see the world in a
new way. - Americans did not know that drugs were physically
damaging, literally frying their brains.
8What were the negative or dangerous aspects of
C.C.?
- LSD Acid was created by a Swiss scientist, to
be used as a blood stimulant, it was found to
produce intense hallucinations. Psychiatrists
thought the drug could be used to treat people
with anxiety or depression. - Timothy Leary (a Harvard professor of psychology)
was an advocate of LSD. - turn on to our way of living, tune in to what
were saying and drop out of what society says
you should be doing. - The CIA also experimented with the drug to test
its use as a weapon before it became illegal.
9The Place to be the Thing to do
- Hippies distanced themselves from mainstream
culture by their dress. - Colorful, flowing clothing, beads, headbands
bellbottoms, and tie-dye were popular. - Men wore their hair and beards long or in afros.
- Hippies were often called longhairs
- San Francisco was the birthplace of the
counterculture/hippy movement. - By 1965 hippies had taken over the Haight
Ashbury district. - Haight Ashbury district contains Golden Gate
Park home of the Trips Festival and be-ins.
10Hippie Music
- The most popular music of the time was
psychedelic rock - Bands like Jefferson Airplane, Quicksilver
Messenger Service, the Jimi Hendrix Experience
and the Grateful Dead played free concerts at
Golden Gate Park. - Concerts and be-ins were places for hippies to
protest, socialize, dance, or take drugs. - At Woodstock over 250,000 hippies showed up to
hear artists like Janis Joplin, The Who, Canned
Heat, The Allman Brothers, and County Joe and the
Fish.
- Woodstock was not just a music concert. For
thousands who couldnt even hear the music it
was a profound religious experience. - Meager resources were shared with everyone.
- Many people at Woodstock used illegal drugs
11How did the counterculture become political?
- Youth International Party Yippies
- encouraged young people to get involved and
influence politics, not just complain about it. - Founded by Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin
- A Yippie flag was designed and was frequently
seen at anti-war demonstrations - Not taken seriously
- Most ignored the Yippies for their street theater
press conferences and politically themes pranks
designed solely to gather publicity.
12Legacy of the counterculture
- How did the counter culture impact Americans in
the 1960s? - It was a failed cultural experiment, which left
an entire generation proud of the social changes
they accomplish scarred by effects of drugs
war. - Why did the Counter Culture fall apart?
- The self destructive excesses of the counter
culture and its lack of focus on a common vision
led to its disintegration
13Who led the Anti-War Movement?
- Peace Movement mainly attracted middle-class
college students. - However, people were against the war for a
variety of reasons. - Chemicals used in Saturation bombing was harmful
to the Environment - Some believe the U.S. was being hypocritical not
letting a Communist leader Ho Chi Minh be elected
by the people of Vietnam. - Some disagreed with the government spending money
to support a War instead of further Great
Society programs that could have helped
Americans. - PEACE MOVEMENT leaders opposed the war on moral
and economic grounds. The North Vietnamese, they
argued, were fighting a patriotic war to rid
themselves of foreign aggressors. Innocent
Vietnamese peasants were being killed in the
crossfire. American planes wrought environmental
damage by dropping their defoliating chemicals.
14How did the War become such a bitter issue that
divided the nation?
- The Draft another major source of resentment
among college students. The age of the average
American soldier serving in Vietnam was 19, seven
years younger than its World War II counterpart.
Students observed that young Americans were
legally old enough to fight and die, but were not
permitted to vote or drink alcohol. Such
criticism led to the 26TH AMENDMENT, which
granted suffrage to 18-year-olds. - Because DRAFT DEFERMENTS were granted to college
students, meaning you would not be drafted if you
could afford to go to college. - About 80 percent of American ground troops in
Vietnam came from the lower classes. Latino and
African American males were assigned to combat
more regularly than drafted white Americans.
15Protest for Peace
- Antiwar demonstrations were few at first,
- As the Johnson Administration escalated the
commitment, the peace movement grew. - Television changed many minds. Millions of
Americans watched body bags leave the Asian rice
paddies every night in their living rooms. - The late 1960s became increasingly radical as the
activists felt their demands were ignored.
Peaceful demonstrations turned violent. When the
police arrived to arrest protesters, the crowds
often retaliated. Students occupied buildings
across college campuses forcing many schools to
cancel classes. Roads were blocked and ROTC
buildings were burned.
16Give Peace a Chance
- At KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, students rioted in
protest. The burned down the ROTC building
located on campus, and destroyed local property.
The governor of Ohio sent the National Guard to
maintain order. A state of high tension and
confusion hung between the Guard and the
students. Several soldiers fired their rifles,
leading to deaths of four students and the
wounding of several others. This became known as
the Kent State massacre. - Despite the growing antiwar movement, a silent
majority of Americans still supported the Vietnam
effort. Many admitted that involvement was a
mistake, but military defeat was unthinkable.
17Chicano Movement
18Mexican American Movement
- Issues
- Cultural Identity
- United Farm Workers César Chávez
- Fighting Discrimination in Schools
- What is a Chicano?
- Chicano Someone who seeks to give Mexican
Americans/latinos a fresh identity combining the
elements of the ethnic/cultural identity with
their status as American citizens.
19What was the focus of Chicano movement?
- Preserving and celebrating Cultural Identity
- Who did it effect?
- Latinos Peoples family origins are in
Spanish-Speaking Latin American Countries. - These peoples are from various countries, but
share the same language, and some elements of
culture. - Activists encouraged the rejection of cultural
assimilation. - (Trying to fit in with White American culture)
- Speaking only English
- Not learning traditions or history of your ethnic
culture.
20What organizations emerged to fight for change?
- There was no Mexican American organization
equivalent of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) or the
National Urban League no Mexican American
colleges and virtually no financial or other
help from outside the community itself. - Individual figures and communities organized and
protested for change on specific issues that most
greatly impacted them locally as opposed to
federally. - Nations Counsel La Raza traces its origins to
the civil rights movement of the 1960s, as well
as to previous efforts that preceded World War
II, such as those related to early school and
housing desegregation. - Although Hispanics participated in both
movements, they did not gain widespread media
coverage or national visibility for their
efforts.
21United Farm Workers
- César Chávez and Dolores Huerta attempted to
unite migrant farm workers to fight against
discrimination by forming a UnionThe United Farm
Workers - Migrant Farm Workers-people who go from farm to
farm doing back breaking work for low pay, with
their children not having access to education. - The United Farm Workers fought for
- Better Working Conditions
- Better PAY
- Recognition of the Union.
- Non-violent tactic was to get consumers to
boycott buying crops like grapes from non-union
farms. - It worked!
22California Students rally for change in public
schools!
- Students were inspired by the charismatic Chicano
educator Sal Castro, a teacher at Theodore
Roosevelt High School. - After attending youth leadership conferences
where they learned about the differences between
Eastside and Westside schools, members of the
Brown Berets and other student groups from
Roosevelt, Wilson, Lincoln, Garfield, and Belmont
high schools began organizing for change.
23- In March of 1968, students from all five public
high schools in East L.A. walked out of their
classes. - While initially their protest was tolerated, the
patience of the authorities wore thin, and the
police were unleashed on the peaceful
demonstrators. and students were brutally beaten. - Thirteen people --Castro and twelve college
students-- were arrested on conspiracy charges. - Eventually, all charges against them were
dropped.
- Students were demanding
- bilingual education
- Mexican American history courses
- More Mexican American teachers
- Overall the school board changed very little as a
result of these walk outs, it was only over time
that change occurred.
24Feminist Movement
25Feminist Movement
- Existed since 1860s
- Grew out of Abolitionist Movement
- Became the Suffragist Movement
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Suzanne B. Anthony
- 1920 the 19th Amendment gave women the right to
vote. - Alice Paul
- Lucy Burns
26Feminist Movement
- Definition Belief in the social, political, and
economic equality between men and women. - Problem is Sexism is discrimination against
people based on their sex rather than their
individual merits. - Sexism holds that individuals can be understood
and often judged based on the characteristics of
being either a man or woman - Sexism can mean someone believes
- That one gender is superior to the other.
- Or a misogynyist, someone has a simple hatred of
women
27Position of Women Pre-WW2
- Before WW2, American women had a traditional role
as wives and mothers. There were few career
opportunities except in typically female
professions such as teaching, nursing or
secretarial work. - The 1920s had seen progress for women as women
began to wear more daring clothes, some smoked
and drunk with men and even kissed in public! - In 1921, women over 20 were given the vote.
- When the Great Depression hit, it was difficult
for women to find work, and women who did work
were viewed as a threat to men and unnecessary
competition.
28The Effect of the War 1941-1945
- In 1941, women made a huge contribution to the
war effort working in typically male jobs. - Women in employment rose from 12 million in 1940
to 18.5 million in 1945. - 300,000 served in the armed forces.
- 1940 Women make up 19 of workforce
- 1950 Women make up 28.8 of workforce
29Lack of Progress after the War
- However there was still a lack of progress
- Majority of women willingly gave up their jobs
after the war and returned to traditional roles. - Women were excluded from the top well-paid jobs.
- Women, on average, earned 50-60 per cent of the
wage that men earned. - Women could be dismissed from their job when they
married.
30Position of Women post-WW2
- After the war, the media encouraged women to
return to their traditional family roles. - Women who went out to work instead of getting
married were treated with great suspicion by the
rest of society. - One book, Modern Women the lost Sex, even blamed
the social problems of the 1950s on career women!
31In the Late 1950s Betty Freidan wrote The
Feminine Mystic
- For the first time women began to express a
desire to be on equal footing with men in life
decisions. - The book broke down the Stereotype of Women as
happy Housewives. - It sparked a great debate in society about the
lives of suburban women
32Women begin to organize
- NOW was created in 1966 by Betty Friedan with the
aim of achieving full equality between the sexes. - However the Womens Liberation Movement was the
name given to those who had far more radical aims
than NOW. They were also known as feminists. - Gloria Steinem became to face of the younger and
more extreme activists. - Extreme feminists wanted wanted signs of male
supremacy to be removed, including male control
of employment, politics and the media.
33Examples of Protest
- Some extreme feminists believed that not wearing
make-up was an act of protest against male
supremacy. Some even burned their bras, as they
were a symbol of male domination. - Mainstream feminists held consciousness raising
meetings to discuss womens issue that most women
experienced but that no one talked about openly,
which left most women feeling isolated. - Marital status, spousal abuse, miscarriage,
abortion, rape - They felt that the media degraded the position of
women using them as sex objects or slaves to
housework with no intellect or identity.
34What were the Issues that shaped the Feminist
Movement?
- These are the areas that Feminist groups worked
to change were - Equal PAY for Equal WORK
- Expand the ROLES of women in society.
- Educate women about their health and bodies.
- Eliminate Discrimination of Women in the
- Work place
- Higher Education
- Politics
35Roe vs. Wade
- Highly Controversial Supreme Court Case that
decided on a Federal Level that states could NOT
outlaw abortion, based on the right to personal
privacy. - HOWEVER, states could restrict access to have
abortion if it was requested after the first 3
months of pregnancy. - This case was considered a victory for the
womens movement because it gave women the right
to make decisions about their own body.
36What was the Equal Rights Amendment?
- An Amendment to the constitution that would
eliminate discrimination against a person based
upon a persons sex. - Schlafly became an outspoken opponent of
the Equal Rights Amendment during the 1970s as
the organizer of the "STOP ERA" campaign. STOP is
an acronym for "Stop Taking Our Privileges." - Schlafly argued that the ERA would take away
gender specific privileges currently enjoyed by
women, including "dependent wife" benefits under
Social Security and the exemption from Selective
Service registration - ERA had to be ratified by 38 states, by 1977
35 had done so, but the deadline came in 1982,
and by that point opposition had increased. - The ERA was never added to the constitution.
37The end of the Feminist Movement
- Ultimately the movement became divided into too
many splinter groups all concerned with their own
issues. - Groups like N.O.W. split over issues such as
sexual preference, economic status, race. - Women as a whole could not agree.
- Women who were happy with their lives as wives
and mothers felt attacked and ridiculed by
feminist organizations. - Some women felt that traditional roles protected
women and established a model of respectable
behavior.
38GLBT Movement
- 1951-1st Gay Rights Orgs. -1969 Stonewall
Riots-2013 Gays in the Military-2015 Gay Marriage
39Why were gay and lesbian Americans apart of an
invisible Culture?
- Sex in general was not an open topic for
conversation in America since the beginning. - Homosexuality was considered an extremely taboo
subject. - Being gay was dangerous. You could be disowned by
your family, put in a mental institution or jail
so most people lived double lives and kept their
sexual preference a secret.
40History of LBGT
- 1st Organizations
- Mattachine Society
- November 11, 1950
- In Los Angeles, gay rights activist Harry Hay
founds Americas first national gay rights
organization. In an attempt to change public
perception of homosexuality, the Mattachine
Society aims to "eliminate discrimination,
derision, prejudice and bigotry," to assimilate
homosexuals into mainstream society, and to
cultivate the notion of an "ethical homosexual
culture." - Daughters of Bilitis
41GLBT
- Movement grows from increasing tensions and
oppression of citizens constitutional rights. - The movements goal is to educate people as to
the injustice GLBT citizens undergo and fight to
become seen and treated equally in the eyes of
the law and American Society. - People with negative attitudes towards lesbians
and gays are more likely to be - Religious,
- Less educated,
- Politically conservative
- Have little close personal contact with out gay
men and lesbians, - Support traditional gender roles.
- They may have a deep personal, moral or religious
objection to homosexuality.
42Before Stonewall
- Until 1973 Homosexuality was a diagnosable mental
disorder, in which an individual could have been
committed to a psychiatric (mental) institution,
w/ or w/o their consent, to undergo conversion or
re-pair therapy. - At the time, the police used any number of
reasons they could think of to justify an arrest
on indecency charges including kissing, holding
hands, wearing clothing traditionally of the
opposite gender, or even being in the bar during
the raid.
43Why were the Stone Wall Riots a turning point in
the GLBT movement?
- June 28, 1969
- Patrons of the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
riot when police officers attempt to raid the
popular gay bar around 1am. Since its
establishment in 1967, the bar had been
frequently raided by police officers trying to
clean up the neighborhood of "sexual deviants." - Angry gay youth clash with aggressive police
officers in the streets, leading to a three-day
riot during which thousands of protestors receive
only minimal local news coverage. Nonetheless,
the event will be credited with reigniting the
fire behind America's modern LGBT rights
movement. - "Stonewall," as the raids are often referred to,
is generally considered a turning point for the
modern gay rights movement worldwide, as it is
one of the first times in modern history a
significant body of gay people resisted arrest.
44How did the Stonewall Riots inspire the GLBT
community to organize?
- Solid gay rights organizations begin to form and
take political action - June 28, 1970
- Christopher St. Liberation Day commemorates the
one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots. - Following the event, thousands of members of the
LGBT community march through New York into
Central Park, in what will be considered
America's first gay pride parade. - In the coming decades, the annual gay pride
parade will spread to dozens of countries around
the world.
45Protest for change
- October 14, 1979
- An estimated 75,000 people participate in the
National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay
Rights. LGBT people and straight allies demand
equal civil rights and urge for the passage of
protective civil rights legislature.
46 Who was Harvey Milk and how did he become a
martyr for the GLBT cause?
- November 8, 1977
- Harvey Milk wins a seat on the San Francisco
Board of Supervisors - The first openly gay man elected to public
office - is responsible for introducing a gay rights
ordinance protecting gays and lesbians from being
fired from their jobs. - Milk also leads a successful campaign against
Proposition 6, an initiative forbidding
homosexual teachers. - A year later, on November 27, 1978, former city
supervisor Dan White assassinates Milk. White's
actions are motivated by jealousy and depression,
rather than homophobia - He is remembered as being the first public
servant to use the legislature to secure rights
for the GLBT community.
47AIDS CHANGES EVERYTHING
- GRID
- ACT UP
- AIDS Quilt
- May - June, 1988
- The CDC mails a brochure, Understanding AIDS, to
every household in the U.S. Approximately 107
million brochures are mailed
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49On October 11, 1987, the Quilt was displayed for
the first time on the National Mall in
Washington, D.C., during the National March on
Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. It covered
a space larger than a football field and included
1,920 panels. Half a million people visited the
Quilt that weekend.
50To date all of the more than 48,000 panels
memorializing 94,000
51What were/are the main goals of the GLBT
movement?
- Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Trans-gendered
- Most under-represented group of Americans to
present date. - Issues
- Equal Protection under the law
- Dispel myths of being socially deviant or being
Mentally ill. - Equal Access to Government Institutions
- Military Service v
- Civil Service Jobs
- Government Services healthcare, civil marriage,
access to adopt children.
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54Goals Achieved
- US Military 2011
- Gay Marriage
- Obergefell v. Hodges 2015
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