Conseil Europ

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Conseil Europèenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire

• Where it is ?
• What is it ?
• How is it managed ?
• International Cooperation for the Large Hadron
  Collider
• Conclusions

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AT CERNLuciano MAIANI.
CERN Geneva
Snowmass, July 18, 2001
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1. Aerial view
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2. The first proposal (Louis De Broglie, 1949)

• ...a laboratory or institution where it would be
  possible to do scientific work, but somehow
  beyond the framework of the different
  participating states.
• this body could be endowed with more resources
  than national laboratories and could,
  consequently, undertake tasksbeyond their
  scope

Collaboration could be easier due to the true
nature of science... This kind of cooperation
would serve also other disciplines
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The European Nuclear Research Council

• Established in 1954, by 14 European countries
• From Art. 2 of the Convention
• "The Organization shall provide for
  collaboration among European States in nuclear
  research of a pure scientific and fundamental
  character, and in research essentially related
  thereto.
• The Organization shall have no concern with work
  for military requirements and the results of its
  experimental and theoretical work shall be
  published
• The Organization shall confine its activities
  to the construction of one or more international
  laboratories for research on high energy
  particles, including work in the field of cosmic
  rays"

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CERN Member States
Distribution of CERN users, May 1, 2001
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CERNs network
The CERN network in Europe

• Strongly based in universities
• 20 members, 270 institutes, 4600 users
• Studentships, fellowships, etc. Annual
  throughput of 400 engineers and 500 physicists

and in the World
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CERN has integrated Central Europe countries
about 10 years ago

• Excellence assessed by independent peer review
• Research knows no borders
• Have to integrate candidate countries into
  world-class research
• These countries have a lot to offer
• We are very happy with the results a great
  addition of intellectual and material resources !
  !

Barrel Yoke (CMS) from Czeck Republic
Industrial Exibition Poland _at_ CERN, 2000
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Mobility

• Getting the new researchers to the infrastructure
• Getting the staff of the lab to the new nations
• Schools

The Joint CERN-Dubna School
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Agreement between CERN and USSR

• On the extreme left Dr. G. Funke, President of
  the CERN Council watches CERNs Director-General,
  Professor B. Gregory (centre) and Professor A.
  Petrosiants sign the agreement

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Visiting JINR

• From left to right CERN Director-General V.
  Weisskopf, Professor V. P. Dzhelepov, and
  Academician B. M. Pontecorvo, a colleague of the
  Italian scientist E. Fermi, in JINRs Laboratory
  of Nuclear Problems, Dubna, 1963.

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Sending detectors from CERN to Serpukov

• The Antonov 22 transporter at Geneva airport in
  1970.

The Antonovs pilot with the local press.
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Beyond the EU candidate countries

• The win-win situation
• Excellent researchers are not limited to EU-15
  countries, nor even to greater Europe
• People often very well-educated and highly
  motivated
• If we can find the right specialities, everyone
  can become a major winner
• Raw materials, heavy engineering, assembly of
  one-off sub-detectors, software components, are
  all things that can be spread around
  imaginatively..

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Access

• It may be tempting to make access to large
  facilities dependent on membership, but
  particle physicists has been able to follow a
  different approach
• Experiments running on our facilities tend to be
  based on very large (50-2000 person)
  collaborations
• This allows people from economically weaker
  countries to join with those from stronger
  regions
• So we tend not to look at the passport of the
  people making proposals
• But (in general) we expect people who have not
  funded the lab infrastructure to contribute more
  than their fair share to the cost of the
  experiment
• But the contribution can take many forms, such as
  assembly effort, software, Look for the
  win-win.

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3. How is CERN managed

• Council is the supreme body
• Formal resolutions
• Committee of Council (CC)
• Receives proposals from DG
• Prepares work for Council after advice from SPC
  FC
• No formal vote.
• C CC discussion at a political level, general
  steering of LHC project
• Cooperative attitude of Member States has been
  vital for success !!!

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Institutional aspects

• In Council one country-one vote
• Contributions according to GDP
• No just-return clause
• but
• Finance Committee recommends to Council
  important financial decisions (Budget) only with
  a majority of 70 of contributions
• specific rules (alignment) facilitate the
  equilibration of the industrial return of each
  country, which is closely monitored.

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CERN STRUCTURE
OBSERVER STATES ASSOCIATED TO LHC PROJECT (US,
Japan, Russia)
CERN COUNCIL --------------------------------- COM
MITTEE OF COUNCIL
OBSERVER STATES
FINANCE COMMITTEE
SCIENTIFIC POLICY COMMITTEE
DIRECTOR-GENERAL
RESEARCH BOARD
DIRECTORS
MANAGEMENT BOARD
DIVISION LEADERS
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The LHC formal framework

• 1994 Council approves LHC construction with
• Final energy (7 TeV) in year 2008 if no external
  contribution
• Special Host State (FR CH) contribution
• 1994- 1996 external support given by US, Japan,
  Russia, Canada, India, to speed up LHC
  construction and to share accelerator technology
• US, Japan and Russia have Observer Status
• participate to Comm. of Council for LHC issues
• LHC managing discussed in several common bodies
  (LHC-Board LHC-Resource Review Boards)
• Participation to experiment has been never in
  question !!

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4. International Collaboration for LHC
construction
Gross NMS contributions US 200 M Russia 100 MCH
F Japan 170 MCHF Canada 30 MCHF India 25 M
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US Institutions Participating in the LHC
experiments(updated to 1999)
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5. CONCLUSIONS

• Status of CERN as an International Organisation
  is often seen as a nuisance...but it is
  functional to
• attract best people establish excellence of the
  Lab
• make Member States feel CERN is THEIR Laboratory
• bring in new Countries and resources.
• LHC has set a new precedent in International
  Cooperation.
• Fully supported by one region, but open to other
  regions
• to make it more effective (i.e. shorter
  construction time)
• to share new technology.
• LHC experiments a very diffused construction
• good for technology transfer
• provides a basis of support for the Laboratory.

WILL THE NEXT MACHINE BE ALSO DONE THIS WAY ??