Reformation

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Reformation

• Advanced World History II

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Religion in the Middle Ages

• Religion is the at the center of all life in the
  middle ages.
• Sacraments of the Church were of central
  importance in the daily lives of the people.
• These were seen as being essential for achieving
  grace and therefore salvation.
• Veneration of Saints

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Scholasticism

• Scholasticism is studied at Universities during
  the middle ages.
• Goal is to reconcile reason and faith harmonize
  Church teachings with the writings of the Greeks.
• Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica where he
  outlines a logical method for the examination of
  faith.

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Thomas Aquinas

• The fact of change proves an ultimate agent of
  change.
• The chain of causation proves a first cause that
  needs to be uncaused to end the otherwise endless
  chain of events.
• The contingent facts of the world require an
  ultimate Being.
• The fact of graduation of things as higher and
  lower suggests Perfected Being at the top of the
  hierarchy.
• The order and design found in nature suggest a
  highest Being at the Source.

Proofs for the Existence of God
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Developments leading to Protestant Reformation

• Christian humanism The major goal of this
  movement was to reform the the Catholic Church.
• Felt that if people improved themselves (through
  education) they would become more pious.
• This movement was led by Erasmus who believed in
  spreading the philosophy of Christ,works of
  Christianity, and criticize the abuses in the
  church.
• Problems within the Church
• Indulgences release from all or part of the
  punishment for sin.

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Comparing and Contrasting Scholasticism and
Humanism

• Scholasticism
• Sc

• Humanism
• The rediscovery of the learning of the ancient
  world, the printing press, and all the other
  forces that came together to create the
  Renaissance also affected the Church. At the end
  of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the
  sixteenth, Christian humanists sought to apply
  the new style of scholarship to the study of
  scriptures in their original languages and to
  return to the first principles of their religion.
  In the interests of spreading religious
  understanding, they began to translate the Bible
  into the vernacular languages. The end of the
  fifteenth century saw a popular spiritual revival
  of a more mystical nature as well, characterized
  by such works as Thomas à Kempis' Imitatio
  Christi (translated and published in every major
  European language). The Renaissance belief in the
  "perfectibility of man" made people less content
  with things as they were, and more interested in
  improving them in the here and now. No one could
  argue that the church was not corrupt holding
  vast wealth, exercising enormous political power
  and waging war, it was administered by holders of
  patronage positions that had more interest in
  lining their pockets than in promoting the
  welfare of their "flocks". The Christian
  humanists criticized these all-too-human
  failings, while striving for a purer church.

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Key Figures of Reformation

• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Huldrych Zwingli
• John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Henry VIII

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Martin LutherJustification by faith alone.

• Luther came from a wealthy family in Saxony,
  Germany and studied law. He claims to have been
  struck by lightening and he decides to dedicate
  his life to religion.
• In 1517, Albert Hohenzollern, bought the
  bishopric of Mainz for 10,000 ducats. This
  infuriated Luther.
• On October 31, 1517 Luther posted the 95 Theses
  to the church door at Wittenberg.
• Luther believed that Tetzel and the Papacy were
  incorrectly teaching about indulgences. Their
  claim that you could buy time out of Purgatory,
  Luther felt was not correct, in fact, indulgences
  just brought you grace.

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95 Theses

• 27. They preach man who say that so soon as the
  penny jingles into the money-box, the soul flies
  out of purgatory.
• 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead,
  has part in all the blessings of Christ and the
  Church and this is granted him by God, even
  without letters of pardon.
• 47. Christians are to be taught that the buying
  of pardons is a matter of free will, and not of
  commandment.
• 49. Christians are to be taught that the pope's
  pardons are useful, if they do not put their
  trust in them but altogether harmful, if through
  them they lose their fear of God.
• 54. Injury is done the Word of God when, in the
  same sermon, an equal or a longer time is spent
  on pardons than on this Word.

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Why did people follow Luther?

• The wealthy felt that by following Luther they
  had the chance to not be taxed by the church with
  the added benefit of achieving salvation.
• For the poor Luther offered individual dignity
  and respect not servitude to Rome.
• Lutheranism was a way to attack the Holy Roman
  Empire and Charles V.

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John Calvin

• Calvin began as a humanist scholar. Interested
  in the texts of Erasmus and Luther.
• By 1533 Calvin began to defend the doctrine of
  justification by faith alone and then wrote his
  book Institutes of the Christian Religion.
• Established the doctrine of predestination. This
  claimed that man can do nothing to alter his
  fate. Good works continued to be necessary as
  they were divine signs that one was destined for
  heaven.
• Calvin became the political leader of Geneva,
  Switzerland where he preached the values of
• Wake up early
• Work hard
• Be concerned with good morals
• Be thrifty
• Abstain from worldly pleasures
• Be sober
• Be serious
• Protestant Work Ethic the ethic says to work
  hard, save what you have made, and reinvest any
  profit in order to increase wealth. Calvin did
  not invent this however he did recognize that
  right behavior had the unintended consequence of
  wealth and later, people attribute the values to
  Calvin.

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Radical Reformation Anabaptists

• Many people in Europe began to deviate from
  Christian Dogma.
• The Anabaptists believed that they had an
  immediate and inner connection with God.
• They believed that the poor shall inherit the
  Earth (which was being governed by the
  anti-Christ)
• Five Basic Principles
• Sola Scripture (holiness of the scripture)
• Separation of Church and State
• Freedom of Conscience
• Believers Baptism
• Holiness of Life

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Henry VIII - England

• Act of Supremacy (1534)
• Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully
  is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church
  of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of
  this realm in their convocations, yet
  nevertheless, for corroboration and confirmation
  thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's
  religion within this realm of England, and to
  repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and
  other enormities and abuses heretofore used in
  the same, be it enacted, by authority of this
  present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign
  lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this
  realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the
  only supreme head in earth of the Church of
  England, called Anglicans Ecclesia and shall
  have and enjoy, annexed and united to the
  imperial crown of this realm, as well the title
  and style thereof, as all honors, dignities,
  preeminence's, jurisdictions, privileges,
  authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities
  to the said dignity of the supreme head of the
  same Church belonging and appertaining and that
  our said sovereign lord, his heirs and
  successors, kings of this realm, shall have full
  power and authority from time to time to visit,
  repress, redress, record, order, correct,
  restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies,
  abuses, offenses, contempts and enormities,
  whatsoever they be, which by any manner of
  spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may
  lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered,
  redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended,
  most to the pleasure of Almighty God, the
  increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for
  the conservation of the peace, unity, and
  tranquility of this realm any usage, foreign
  land, foreign authority, prescription, or any
  other thing or things to the contrary hereof
  notwithstanding.

• Marriages of Henry VIII
• Catherine of Aragon in 1509 and divorcing her in
  1533. One daughter, Mary. (divorce)
• Ann Bolyen, married 1533, one daughter,
  Elizabeth. (infidelity)
• Jane Seymour 1536, one son, Edward (died in
  birth)
• Ann of Cleves 1540 (unattractive)
• Catherine Howard 1540 (infidelity)
• Catherine Parr 1543

Cardinal Wolsey could not get an annulment from
Pope Clement VII so Henry VIII called the
Reformation Parliament. The goal of this group
was to establish ecclesiastical control over
Europe.
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Council of Trent - 1545

• Catholic Church mobilizes to deal with the
  protestants.
• The primary goal of the Council of Trent was to
  establish a common body of scripture to be
  followed by all Christians.
• The Church did not compromise and in the end
  reaffirming traditional Church doctrine, at the
  expense of acknowledging the Protestants.
• Reaffirmed
• The special place of Mary in Heaven.
• Role of good works
• The sacraments
• The Saints and Angels
• Sole right of clergy to interpret scripture and
  the primacy of the Pope

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Comparing and Contrasting Calvinism and
Catholicism
Protestant Justification by faith -- Christ's
sacrifice atones for all sins, and it is only
necessary to believe in it to be saved. There is
nothing humans can do by their own efforts to add
or detract from it. The priesthood of all
believers -- all believers have equal access to
God and no other earthly intermediaries are
needed. This does not mean that the flock does
not need teachers, but there are no special
sacramental functions belonging to any particular
class. The scriptures as the only source of true
doctrine -- studying and understanding the
scriptures is therefore important to all
believers. Translating the Bible into the
vernacular tongues and making it available to all
is essential. Christ's sacrifice happened only
once, and no repeat of that sacrifice is
necessary. Although Calvinists and Lutherans
believe God is present at the sacrament and it
nourishes the faithful spiritually, the bread and
wine are not literally the body and blood of
Christ. Zwinglians take a more extreme view that
the sacrament is only symbolic. Everyone takes
both bread and wine. No heavenly intermediaries
are needed to intercede with God. Although the
Virgin Mary, saints, and angels are all in
heaven, they should not be the objects of prayer
or veneration. The making of images encourages
idolatrous worship that should be directed at the
more abstract concept of God. God's foreknowledge
and omnipotence mean that everyone is predestined
to their fate either to be or not to be one of
the elect. Human action avails nothing. The Bible
only documents two sacraments baptism and the
Lord's Supper (so called to distinguish the
Protestant practice from the Catholic Eucharist).
No priestly status is required to perform them,
although ministers to the church are necessary
and useful to directing and guiding it.
Catholic (Council of Trent) Both faith and good
works (acts of devotion, charity, the sacraments,
etc.) are necessary for salvation. The Catholic
priesthood is necessary as only priests can
perform the sacraments necessary for spiritual
health and correctly interpret the meaning of
scripture. Scripture is only one way in which
doctrine is revealed the decisions of church
councils, encyclicals from the Pope, tradition,
etc. are all part of it. Only the priesthood of
the church can correctly interpret the meaning of
scripture -- do not try this at home. The
Eucharist is a mystery in which the sacrifice of
Christ is reenacted the bread and wine become
spiritually transformed into the true body and
blood of the Lord (the doctrine of
transubstantiation). Only priests partake of the
wine and bread, the populace only takes the
bread. Although the saints and angels should not
be worshipped, their intercession is valuable and
necessary to helping the Christian to achieve
salvation. The Virgin Mary is especially honored
by God, and should be also by believers.
Religious images should not be worshipped, but
they help to inspire devotion (these fine points
were often lost on the average peasant). God's
omnipotence does not restrict human will, and
each individual is still responsible for earning
their own salvation. There are seven sacraments
baptism, Eucharist (see above), penance
(confession/ absolution), confirmation
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The Counter Reformation

• Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius
  Loyola. The church called for a more educated
  and involved clergy.
• Spanish military man who formed a new order when
  he was no longer able to serve in the military.
• The Jesuits were very involved in education and
  missionary work.
• Vincent de Paul responded by challenging the
  faith not works doctrine by finding new
  vocations in social justice
• The church also begins to take a more active role
  in family life, establishing doctrines about the
  role of men and women in marriage and their
  responsibility to the children.

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Ignatius of Loyola The Spiritual Exercises

• First Rule. The first All judgment laid aside,
  we ought to have our mind ready and prompt to
  obey, in all, the true Spouse of Christ our Lord,
  which is our holy Mother the Church Hierarchical.
  
• Second Rule. The second To praise confession to
  a Priest, and the reception of the most Holy
  Sacrament of the Altar once in the year, and much
  more each month, and much better from week to
  week, with the conditions required and due.
• Third Rule. The third To praise the hearing of
  Mass often, likewise40 hymns, psalms, and long
  prayers, in the church and out of it likewise
  the hours set at the time fixed for each Divine
  Office and for all prayer and all Canonical
  Hours.
• Fourth Rule. The fourth To praise much Religious
  Orders, virginity and continence, and not so much
  marriage as any of these.
• Fifth Rule. The fifth To praise vows of
  Religion, of obedience, of poverty, of chastity
  and of other perfections of supererogation. And
  it is to be noted that as the vow is about the
  things which approach to Evangelical perfection,
  a vow ought not to be made in the things which
  withdraw from it, such as to be a merchant, or to
  be married, etc.
• Sixth Rule. To praise relics of the Saints,
  giving veneration to them and praying to the
  Saints and to praise Stations, pilgrimages,
  Indulgences, pardons, Crusades, and candles
  lighted in the churches.
• Seventh Rule. To praise Constitutions about fasts
  and abstinence, as of Lent, Ember Days, Vigils,
  Friday and Saturday likewise penances, not only
  interior, but also exterior.
• Eighth Rule. To praise the ornaments and the
  buildings of churches likewise images, and to
  venerate them according to what they represent.
• Ninth Rule. Finally, to praise all precepts of
  the Church, keeping the mind prompt to find
  reasons in their defense and in no manner against
  them.