Chapter 23 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

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Chapter 23 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

• Section 3
• Unifying Italy

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• Setting the Scene
• At the Congress of Vienna, Italian nationalists
  hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and
  achieve unity. To Metternich, the idea of a
  unified Italy was laughable. Italy, he was
  convinced, was a mere "geographic expression/'
• Although the people of the Italian peninsula
  spoke the same language, they had not experienced
  political unity since Roman times. By the early
  1800s, though, Italian patriots were determined
  to build a new, united Italy. As in Germany,
  unification was brought about by the efforts of a
  strong state and a shrewd, ruthless
  politicianCount Camillo Cavour.

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I. Obstacles to Italian Unity

• In Italy, people identified with local regions
  rather than with the idea of an Italian nation

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I. Obstacles to Italian Unity

• Napoleons invasion sparked dreams of national
  unity, but the Congress of Vienna ignored the
  nationalists

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I. Obstacles to Italian Unity

• Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts
  exploded across the region but were crushed by
  Austria

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I. Obstacles to Italian Unity

• In the 1830s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe
  Mazzini founded Young Italy

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I. Obstacles to Italian Unity

• Nationalists like Mazzini felt a united Italy
  made sense because of geography and a common
  language and history

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II. The Struggle for Italy

• After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento
  passed to Victor Emmanuel IIs kingdom of Sardinia

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II. The Struggle for Italy

• In 1852 Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo
  Cavour, a monarchist who believed in
  Realpolitik, his prime minister

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II. The Struggle for Italy

• In 1859, Cavour provoked war with and defeated
  Austria, and several other northern Italian
  states joined with Sardinia

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II. The Struggle for Italy

• In southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi recruited a
  force of 1,000 "Red Shirts'' and won control of
  Sicily and southern Italy

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II. The Struggle for Italy

• Sardinian troops overran the Papal States and
  joined Garibaldis forces in Naples. In 1861,
  Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy

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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Italy had no tradition of unity and few Italians
  felt ties to the new nation

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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• The greatest division was between the richer,
  urban north and the poorer, rural south

Merano, Italy
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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic
  Church further divided the nation

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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a
  two-house legislature, but only a small number of
  men could vote

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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Radical socialists and anarchists forced the
  government to extended suffrage and improve
  social conditions

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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Industrialization brought urbanization, and
  reformers caused improvements in education and
  working conditions

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III. Challenges Facing the New Nation

• A population explosion resulted in many people
  emigrating for the United States, Canada, and
  Latin American nations

Family waiting to land at Ellis Island