Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850

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Ideologies and Upheavals1815-1850

• Chapter 22

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• Conservatism a political belief
• 1. advocates of the status quo
• 2. mostly aristocrats and nobles
• 3. the most educated are nobles, nobles should
  then rule
• 4. liberals bring violence and bloodshed
• 5. Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
  powerful conservative of 1800s!

Klemens von Metternich
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After Defeat of Napoleon

• Victorious Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia
  call the shots, But France was invited to be a
  part of the settlement
• French boundaries of 1792 restored
• French royals restored (the Bourbons)principle
  of legitimacy!
• Balance of Power- an international equilibrium of
  political and military force no one power is to
  become more powerful than another.

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Europe After the Congress of Vienna
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Crusade against ideas politics of dual
revolution vs. Liberalism

• Dual revolution
• Eric Hobsbawm coined term reference to econ.
  (spurred by Ind. Rev.) political changes
  (spurred by French Rev.) (1789-1848), 1815, that
  reinforced each other
• Led by Metternich
• Holy Alliance between Austria, Prussia and Russia
  vs. revolutionary ideas use Christian ideas.
  Flop!
• Liberals squashed in Sicily and Spain
• But Latin American colonies leave Spain
• Carlsbad decrees(1819)
• Instituted by Metternich-represses subversive
  ideas in 38 independent German states

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Metternich Conservatism

• Best state made up of monarchy, bureaucracy,
  aristocracy
• liberalism stirs up lower classes and causes war
  and bloodshed
• afraid that nationalistic liberalism (idea of
  self determination) in Central Europe would break
  up the Austrian Empire

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Liberalism-principles of liberty equality

• Representative government
• Individual Freedoms
• Little government intervention
• Unregulated economy- laissez-faire (one
  doctrine of liberalism)
• Championed by Adam Smith
• Adopted by British business and middle class to
  keep lower classes down
• Radical liberals wanted universal suffrage

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John Locke

• Contract theory of government.
• Regarded the state as ahuman construction,
  established by an originalcontract.
• Limited, constitutional government.
• Civil society of free men, equal under the rule
  of law, bound together by no common purpose but
  sharing respect for each others rights.
• Doctrine of natural rights.
• Links private property with individual liberty.

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Adam Smith

• His Wealth of Nations adds an economic dimension.
• He merged Lockes ideas of civil society with
  economic theory.
• Free trade economics.
• Saw the invisible hand where a benevolent God
  administered a universe in which human happiness
  was maximized.

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• His Social Contract andtheory of the general
  will demonstrates an alternative origin of
  Liberalism.
• Men must resolve problemsthrough our capacity
  tochoose how we ought to live.
• Man was born free, and he is everywhere in
  chains.
• Humans are essentially free, but the progress
  of civilization has substituted subservience to
  others for that freedom.

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Nationalism

• Believed in cultural unity (from Fr. Rev.,Nap.
  Wars, and Johann Gottfried von Herder(pg. 694)
• Groups should be united by culture and language
• Fanned by ceremonies, parades and traditions
• the people linked nationalism with democracy
• Nationalism becomes negative when it becomes us
  vs. them

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Socialist Leaders
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Saint-Simonianism

• Leader was Count Claude Henri de
  Saint-Simon(1760-1825)
• Optimistic thinker
• parasites (court, aristocracy, lawyers,
  churchmen) would give way to the
  doers(scientists, engineers,
  industrialists),who would est. public works
  projects, investment banks, projects to help
  the poor
• Modern society needed rational management
• Private properties should be owned by
  administrators and not individual owners
• Goal to improve the conditions of the poor!

• Claude Henri de Saint-Simon

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Fourierism

• Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
• Famous for his socialist critique of capitalism
  utopian visions
• emancipation of women
• the abolition of marriage
• free unions based only on love sexual freedom
• mathematically precise self-sufficient
  communities of 1620 persons!

• Charles Fourier

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Louis Blanc

• Organization of Work, 1839,
• Let each produce according to his aptitudes
  let each consume according to his need.
• Urged workers to agitate
• universal voting rights
• right to work govt guarantee jobs

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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

• peaceful side of anarchism
• What is Property? (1840)
• Property was theft
• profit that had been stolen from the worker
• the source of all wealth
• Society should be based on mutualism
• state would therefore be unnecessary
• Influenced the French labor movement

• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

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French Utopian Socialism

• No individualism- must have cooperation and sense
  of community
• Economic equality
• Economic planning
• No private property! Replace it with state
  ownership or community ownership
• Help the poor
• Against laissez faire and for the skilled worker

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Germany - Marxism

• United sociology, economics, history
• Utilized ideas of Georg Hegal historical
  evolution
• Capitalism must give way to workers
• Proletariat victory ? no one group of people
  oppressing another for the first time in history
• Complete social transformation can eliminate
  evils of society
• Marxism helped spread ideology and therefore the
  utopian vision of ultimate human liberation

• Karl Marx

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Historicism

• The Hegelian Dialectic
• History advances through conflict.
• One phase of history creates its opposite ex
  absolutism to democracy.

Antithesis
Thesis
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel1744-1803
Synthesis
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The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
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Communist Manifesto (1848)

• The history of all hitherto existing society is
  the history of class struggles..
• Of all the classes that stand face to face with
  the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a
  really revolutionary class.
• The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a
  constant battle.
• The advance of industry, whose involuntary
  promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the
  isolation of the labourers, due to competition,
  by their revolutionary combination, due to
  association. The development of Modern Industry,
  therefore, cuts from under its feet the very
  foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and
  appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie,
  therefore, produces, above all, is its own
  grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the
  proletariat are equally inevitable
• The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
  chains. They have a world to win.
• -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

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Britain - Owenism

• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
• Join all British trade unions into a single
  unionfailed
• Created a new model for the organization of
  industry
• Believed in environmental psychology
• The character of humans can be improved if they
  are placed in the right surroundings

• Robert Owen

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Liberal Reforms in Great Britain

• Widespread unemployment
• General economic crisis
• Conflicts between ruling class and labor
• Conservative Movement
• Corn Laws 1815
• 1817 suspension of rights
• 1819 Six Acts

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Peterloo massacre

• St Peter's Field, Manchester, England
• 16 August 1819
• Cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,00080,000
  gathered at a meeting to demand the reform of
  parliamentary representation
• Massacre was given the name Peterloo in ironic
  comparison to the Battle of Waterloo ? took place
  four years earlier.

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Effects

• Parliament begins to enact more liberal reforms
• Better urban administration
• Greater economic liberalism
• Civil equality for Catholics
• Limited imports of foreign grain

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Rotten Boroughs

• rotten" or "decayed" or pocket borough
• Parliamentary borough or constituency in United
  Kingdom
• Very small electorate could thus be used by a
  patron to gain undue unrepresentative influence
  within parliament
• "rotten" suggesting both "corrupt" and "in
  decline for a very long time".

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Reform Bill of 1832

• Act of Parliament
• Introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral
  system of United Kingdom
• Eliminated rotten boroughs
• Gave more power to the House of Commons
• Repealed the Corn Laws free trade established
• Increased number of voters 50
• Urban population farmers

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The Chartists The Peoples Charter

• Suffrage for all adult males
• Equal-sized parliamentary constituencies
• Secret Ballot at elections
• An end to the property qualification to
  Parliament
• Annual parliamentary elections

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Other Liberal actions

• Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846
• Ten Hours Act 1847
• Reform Bill of 1884
• gave the vote to agricultural workers, enacted by
  William Gladstone

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Ireland, Ireland! That cloud in the west, that
coming storm, the minister of Gods retribution
upon cruel...injustice. Ireland forces upon
these great social and great religious
questions. Gladstone, in a letter to his
sister, 1845.
Lesson 13
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His support for the disestablishment of the
Church of Ireland in his parliamentary
resolutions in the spring of 1868 may also have
been conceived as a means of reuniting the
Liberal Parties after the divisions over
parliamentary reform in 1866-7, and also as an
attempt - which turned out to be successful, as
it led to the 1868 general elections - to regain
the political initiative from Disraeli. Paul
Adelman and Robert Pearce, Great Britain and the
Irish Question, 1798-1922.
To this great country the state of Ireland after
seven hundred years of our tutelage is in my
opinion so long as it continues, an intolerable
disgrace, and a danger so absolutely transcending
all others, that I call it the only real danger
of the noble empire of the Queen. Gladstone, in
a letter to Queen Victoria, 1870
Lesson 13
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Ireland

• Irish Catholic peasants rent from Protestant
  English landlords
• Peasants live in poverty, with large families
• Potato crop fails
• Govt provided minimum aid
• Collected taxes rents
• Massive evictions result in huge emigration, hate
  of British and Irish nationalism

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Political Upheavals Nationalist Revolts before
1848
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Greece (1820-1830)

• United by language and Greek Orthodox Religion
• Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek general in the
  Russian army, led an unsuccessful revolt for
  independence in 1821
• Other rebels gain control of Peloponnese and
  declare independence
• Leads to civil war
• The Turks retaliated with help of Egypt killed
  Greek patriarch, destroyed churches under their
  control, massacred the men and sold the women
  into slavery regained any lost territory
• 1827 Greeks gained support from Britain, France,
  and Russia.
• - Greece was the source of Western Civilization
  (Britain France)
• - Greece (Byzantine Empire) was the source of
  the Eastern Orthodox Church (Russia)
• Greece declared independent in 1830
• German Prince becomes ruler in 1832, Otto I

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Greek War of Independence

• On March 25, 1821 the bishop Germanos of Patras
  raised the Greek flag at the Monastery of Agia
  Lavra in Peloponnese and started the War of
  Independence against the Turks.

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France - Louis XVIII

• Charter of 1814
• Provided for civil liberties and representative
  govt
• special provision made for the Roman Catholic
  Church as the official state religion
• Economic and social gains of peasants during the
  FR were maintained

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Charles X (1824-1830)

• Wanted to restore the old order
• Invaded Algiers in an attempt to gain support,
  show power
• Rejected Constitutional Charter
• Govt collapsed
• July Revolution 1830 ? overthrow of King Charles
  X of France
• Upper-middle-class Louis-Philippe (the Duc
  d'Orléans)

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Louis Phillipe (1830-1848)

• King of France from 1830 - 1848 ? July
  Monarchy-agreed to rule as a constitutional
  monarch
• Chief demand greater political democracy
• Accepted the Charter of 1814
• Accepted the red, white, blue flag of the
  French Rev.
• Citizen King- king of the French people

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Revolution of 1830

• News of the successful July Revolution in France
  served as a spark of revolutions throughout
  Europe, leading Metternich to say,
• When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.

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TheRevolutionsOf 1848
The Springtime of Peoples
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France, again
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Bloody June Days

• 1848, Feb. 22-24riots against Louis Phillipes
  rule. He abdicates
• 2 opposing governments created by Louis Blanc, a
  socialist republican and Alphones Lamartine,
  moderate reformer, little sympathy for the poor
• Workshops were closed down
• Riots known as the June Riots (June 23-26)death
  of injury to 10,000 people!!!! Govt will
  suppress this with help of military. Fighting
  between workers army!!
• National Assembly issued a constitution for a
  Second French Republic

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The June Days

• Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection.
• They said that the government had betrayed the
  revolution.
• Workers wanted a redistribution of wealth.
• Barricades in the streets.
• Victor Hugos Les Miserables was based on this
  event.
• A new liberal-conservative coalition formed to
  oppose this lower class radicalism.

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Paris To the Barricades Again!
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Revolution of 1848

• February revolution ended the Orleans
  monarchy(18301848) and led to the creation of
  the French Second Republic
• On 2 December 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected
  President of the Second Republic

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The turning point at which history failed to
turn. --- George Macaulay
Trevelyn 1937
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Revolution of 1848

• King Louis Philippe loses job to provisional
  government
• Liberals split with socialists over demands for
  workers
• National workshops are compromise
• Closing down of workshops leads to violence-June
  Days
• Louis Napoleon comes to power

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Pre-1848 Tensions Long-Term

• Industrialization
• Economic challenges to rulers.
• Rapid urbanization.
• Challenges to the artisan class.
• Population doubled in the 18c
• Food supply problems ? Malthus
• Ideological Challenges
• Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism.
• Romanticism
• Repressive Measures
• Carlsbad Decrees Prus.
• Six Acts Eng.
• Secret police created in many European states.

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Pre-1848 Tensions Short-Term

• Agricultural Crises
• Poor cereal harvests
• prices rose 60 in one year.
• Potato blight ? Ireland
• Prices rose 135 for food in one year!
• Financial Crises
• Investment bubbles burst ? railways, iron, coal.
• Unemployment increased rapidly esp. among the
  artisan class.

Working middle classes are now joined in misery
as are the urban and agricultural peasantry!
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Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail?

• They failed to attract popular support from the
  working classes.
• The middle classes led these revolutions, but as
  they turned radical, the middle class held back.
• Nationalism divided more than united.
• Where revolutions were successful, the Old Guard
  was left in place and they turned against the
  revolutionaries.
• Some gains lasted abolition of serfdom, etc.
• BUT, in the long term, most liberal gains would
  be solidified by the end of the 19c
• The unification of Germany and Italy.
• The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at the end of
  World War I.

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TheHAPSBURGEMPIRE (Austria)
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The Austrian Empire 1830
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Austrian Empire

• French revolution sparks demand for freedom
• Hungary revolts vs. Austrian empire under Kossuth
• Emperor Ferdinand promises reforms
• Serfdom abolished
• Conflict amongst nationalities dooms revolt
• Aristocrats crush revolution
• Francis Joseph becomes new emperor after Russia
  helps defeat the Hungarians

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Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)

• Hungarian revolutionary leader.
• March laws provided for Hungarian independence.
• Austrians invade.
• Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna!
• Slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion the
  Hungarian army withdrew.
• Austrian Russian armies defeated the Hungarian
  army.
• Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for
  autonomy.

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The New Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I r.
1848-1916
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Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)

• He raised an army of 400,000 in response to a
  request from Franz Joseph.
• 140,000 put down the Hungarian revolt.

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Revolt in Prussia

• Middle classes want a unified Germany and demand
  a liberal constitution-form Frankfurt Assembly
• Aristocracy alarmed
• War with Denmark derails Assembly and Frederick
  William regains control

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Austria Prussia Reassert Control

• Austria re-gained control of Vienna.
• Frederick William deposed the Berlin parliament.
• The Frankfurt Assembly offered the emperorship to
  Frederick William.
• He declined.
• Radicals took to the barricades again.
• The Prussian army crushed all resistance.
• April, 1849 ? the Assembly collapsed.

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The Bottom Line

• It looked like the Conservative forces had
  triumphed.
• BUT
• Things had changed forever.
• Economic/social problems continued to be constant
  challenges to the ruling order.
• Conservatives would have to make concessions in
  order to stay in power.
• Many of the limited Liberal achievements remained
  permanent.

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TheGermanStates
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The Germans Follow the French

• After the February French revolutions, there were
  many riots in minor German states.
• Austria and Prussia expected to intervene to
  crush these revolts, BUT
• Vienna Revolution ? led to the fall of
  Metternich.
• Berlin riots
• Prussian army efficiently suppressed the
  revolutionaries.
• King Frederick William IV withdraws the troops
  and hand the Prussia liberals a big victory!
• Other Princedoms collapse when Prussias nerve
  fails.

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Bohemia, 1848

• Bohemia was split between Pan-Slavs
  Pan-Germans.
• Prague Conference
• Developed the idea of Austro-Slavism.
• A constitution autonomy within the Habsburg
  Empire.
• The Austrian military ultimately attacked
  Prague, occupied Bohemia crushed the
  rebellion.

The Prague Barricades
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The Frankfurt Assembly

• German liberals are overjoyed!
• German National Assembly established in
  Frankfurt
• Universal suffrage.
• Delegates mostly from the middle class.
• Debate over the nature of the state ? monarchy of
  Habsburgs or Hohenzollerns?
• They chose the Austrian Habsburg Archduke John
  rather than the King of Prussia.
• He was a well-known liberal sympathizer.
• But they couldnt guarantee the loyalty of the
  Prussian Army.

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Frankfurt Assembly Meets
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The Three Germanies
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Prussian Resurgence

• The Prussian army moved to crush the new Polish
  Grand Duchy.
• The Prussian parliament disagreed with the
  Frankfurt Parliament.
• The Prussian army invaded Schleswig-Holstein
  (at Frankfurts request).
• Horrified international liberal opinion.
• Britain Russia threatened war with Prussia.
• Prussia agreed to its own peace with Denmark.
• The Prussian army abandoned the Frankfurt
  government.

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Nationalism

• Believed in cultural unity
• Groups should be united by culture and language
• Fanned by ceremonies, parades and traditions
• the people linked nationalism with democracy
• Nationalism becomes negative when it becomes us
  vs. them