Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

1
The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
2
Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ? Malacca
• A New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
  Fleet

3
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
4
Motives for European Exploration

• Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
• Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
  peoples.
• Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
• Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
• Technological advances.
• Fame and fortune.

5
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
6
New Weapons Technology
7
Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

8
Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
9
Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Exploring the west coast of Africa.
• Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
• Vasco da Gama, 1498.
• Calicut.
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510
  Malacca, 1511).

10
Christofo Colon 1451-1506
11
Columbus Four Voyages
12
Other Voyages of Exploration
13
Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
14
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
15
The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
16
The Death of Montezuma II
17
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
18
The First Spanish ConquestsThe Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
19
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
20
Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
21
The Columbian Exchange
22
Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
23
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
24
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
25
The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans.
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans.
• Sugar cane sugar plantations.
• First boatload of African slaves brought by the
  Spanish in 1518.
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
  countries.
• Between 16c 19c, about 10 million Africans
  shipped to the Americas.

26
Slave Ship
Middle Passage
27
Coffin Position Below Deck
28
African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
29
European Empires in the Americas
30
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
31
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New
World

• Encomienda or forced labor.
• Council of the Indies.
• Viceroy.
• New Spain and Peru.
• Papal agreement.

32
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
33
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
34
Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542

35
New Colonial Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
  Philippines.
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
• Surat in NW India in 1608.
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

36
New Colonial Rivals
37
Impact of European Expansion

• Native populations ravaged by disease.
• Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
  Europe created an inflationary economic
  climate.Price Revolution
• New products introduced across the continents
  Columbian Exchange.
• Deepened colonial rivalries.

38
5. New Patterns of World Trade