European Exploration and Conquest

1
European Exploration and Conquest

• Worlds Collide

2
Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ? Malacca
• A New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
  Fleet

3
(No Transcript)
4
Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades ? bypass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
   peoples.
3. Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

5
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
6
New Weapons Technology
7
Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

8
Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Exploring the west coast of Africa.
• Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
• Vasco da Gama, 1498.
• Calicut.
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510
  Malacca, 1511).

9
Christofo Colon 1451-1506
10
Columbus Four Voyages
11
Other Voyages of Exploration
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Mexica Surrender to Cortez
16
The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis



Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
17
Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
18
(No Transcript)
19
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
20
European Empires in the Americas
21
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New
World

• Encomienda or forced labor.
• Council of the Indies.
• Viceroy.
• New Spain and Peru.
• Papal agreement.

22
(No Transcript)
23
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
24
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
25
Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
30
The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans.
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans.
• Sugar cane sugar plantations.
• First boatload of African slaves brought by the
  Spanish in 1518.
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
  countries.
• Between 16c 19c, about 10 million Africans
  shipped to the Americas.

31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
New Colonial Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
  Philippines.
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
• Surat in NW India in 1608.
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

37
(No Transcript)
38
Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
   Europe created an inflationary economic
   climate.Price Revolution
3. New products introduced across the continents
   Columbian Exchange.
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

39
(No Transcript)