Age of Early European Explorations

1
The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
Chapter 2
2
Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ? Malacca (Malaysia)
• A New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
  Fleet

3
Admiral Zheng He

• Each ship was 400 long and 160 wide!

1371-1435
4
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
5
Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
   peoples.
3. Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

6
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
7
New Weapons Technology
8
Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

9
Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
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Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Exploring the west coast of Africa.
• Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
• Vasco da Gama, 1498.
• Calicut.
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510
  Malacca, 1511).

11
Zheng Hes Voyages

• In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
  favorite port!

12
Christofo Colon 1451-1506
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Columbus Four Voyages
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Other Voyages of Exploration
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Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
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Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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Machu Picchu15th-century Inca site in Peru
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
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The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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Treasuresfrom the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans.
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans.
• Sugar cane sugar plantations.
• First boatload of African slaves brought by the
  Spanish in 1518.
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
  countries.
• Between 16c 19c, about 10 million Africans
  shipped to the Americas.

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Slave Ship
Middle Passage
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Coffin Position Below Deck
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African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
33
European Empires in the Americas
34
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New
World

• Encomienda or forced labor.
• Council of the Indies.
• Viceroy.
• New Spain and Peru.
• Papal agreement.

36
Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542
• Critiqued Encomienda

37
New Colonial Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
  Philippines.
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
• Surat in NW India in 1608.
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

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Spanish Armada, 1588

• The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the start
  of the shift in power in Europe. By 1630, Spain
  no longer dominated
• England and the
• Netherlands took
• the active role

39
New Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
   Europe created an inflationary economic
   climate.Price Revolution
3. New products introduced across the continents
   Columbian Exchange.
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

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5. New Patterns of World Trade
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The Impact of Exploration on European Commerce

• Capitalism economic system based on investing
  money for profit
• Market Economy - a type of economy in which
  prices are determined by the buying and selling
  decisions of individuals in the marketplace
• Commercial Revolution