Age of Early European Explorations

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The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
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Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade
• A New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.

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Admiral Zheng He

• Each ship was 400 long and 160 wide!

1371-1435
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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
   peoples.
3. Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

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New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
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New Weapons Technology
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Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

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Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
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Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Exploring the west coast of Africa.
• Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
• Vasco da Gama, 1498.
• Calicut.

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Zheng Hes Voyages

• In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
  favorite port!

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Christofo Colon 1451-1506
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Columbus Four Voyages
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Other Voyages of Exploration
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Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
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Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
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The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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Treasuresfrom the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans.
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans.
• Sugar cane sugar plantations.
• First boatload of African slaves brought by the
  Spanish in 1518.
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
  countries.
• Between 16c 19c, about 10 million Africans
  shipped to the Americas.

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Slave Ship
Middle Passage
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Coffin Position Below Deck
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African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
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European Empires in the Americas
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New
World

• Encomienda or forced labor.
• Council of the Indies.
• Viceroy.
• New Spain and Peru.
• Papal agreement.

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The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494The Popes Line
of Demarcation
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Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542

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New Colonial Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
  Philippines.
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
• Surat in NW India in 1608.
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

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New Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
   Europe created an inflationary economic
   climate.Price Revolution
3. New products introduced across the continents
   Columbian Exchange.
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

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5. New Patterns of World Trade