Age of Early European Explorations

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The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
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Admiral Zheng He

• Each ship was 400 long and 160 wide!

1371-1435
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Zheng Hes Voyages

• In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
  favorite port!

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Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ?INDIA
• A New Player ? Europe
• Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
  Fleet

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Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
   peoples.
3. Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

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OR MORE SIMPLY PUT.

• The 3 Gs ..
• GOD !
• GOLD !
• GLORY !

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New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
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New Weapons Technology
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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

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Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
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Portuguese Maritime Empire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Setting up Trading Posts/Rest stations the Entire
   Time
3. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 1st to get around tip of
   Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
4. Vasco da Gama, 1498 1st to get to India to city
   of Calcutta.

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Other Voyages of Exploration
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Christofo Colon 1451-1506
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Columbus Four Voyages
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The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
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Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
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Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Cortez and the Aztecs

• 1519 Cortes able to take over with only 600 men.
• Thought Cortes was some sort of God
• 3 advantages of Spaniards
• Superior Weapons (Gunpowder)
• Help of Native Rival Tribes
• Diseases (Smallpox and Measles)

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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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Mayans

• Stretched from Southern Mexico to Northern
  Central America
• 1200 B.C. 400 B.C. Greatest Times
• Trade linked their states together. Cacao
  ( Chocolate Bean) main currency
• Slash and Burn Agriculture
• Polytheistic
• Made Human Sacrifices Pierced own bodies to make
  blood sacrifices
• Most Advanced writing
• Wrote in Hieroglyphics
• Mysteriously Disappear!

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Forced policy of the Spanish Empire in the New
World

1. Encomienda or forced labor.
2. Thought to be a good source of labor, but too
   many Natives die of diseases.
3. Where will the Spaniards get someone to do the
   backbreaking work for them?

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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Treasuresfrom the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans.
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans.
• Sugar cane sugar plantations.
• First boatload of African slaves brought by the
  Spanish in 1518.
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
  countries.
• Between 16c 19c, about 10 million Africans
  shipped to the Americas.

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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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Latin American Social Structure

• Peninsulare- Spaniard born in Spain
• Creole- Pure blooded Spaniard born in colony
• Mestizo- Mixed blooded Spanish and Native
• Mulatto- Mixed blooded Spanish and African
• African Slaves
• Native Americans

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Slave Ship
Middle Passage
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African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
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European Empires in the Americas
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The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
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Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542

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New Colonial Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
  Philippines.
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
• Surat in NW India in 1608.
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

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New Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
   Europe created an inflationary economic
   climate.Price Revolution
3. New products introduced across the continents
   Columbian Exchange.
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

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5. New Patterns of World Trade