The First Global Age: Europe and Asia

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The First Global Age Europe and Asia

• 1415-1796
• By Akeya Hinkson A Period

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The Search for Spices

• Europeans Explore the Seas
• The Crusades introduced Europeans to many luxury
  goods from Asia.
• When the Mongol empire united much of Asia, Asian
  goods flowed to Europe along overland trade
  routes.
• The Black Death and the breakup of the Mongol
  empire destroyed trade.
• The most valued items were spices, such as
  cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and pepper.
• Spices were used to preserve food, add flavor to
  dried or salted foods, and make medicines and
  perfumes.
• The chief source of spices was the Moluccas, an
  island chain in present-day Indonesia, which
  Europeans called Spice Islands.

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• In the 1400s, Muslim and Italian merchants
  controlled most trade between Asia and Europe.
• To gain direct access to the riches of Asia,
  Portugal and Spain, sought a route to Asia that
  bypassed the Mediterranean.
• Improvements in technology helped Europeans
  conquer the vast oceans of the world.

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• Portugal Sails Eastward
• Portugal led the way in exploration.
• The Portuguese seized Ceuta on the North African
  coast.
• Henry the Navigator gathered many sea experts for
  an exploration of the western coast of Africa.
• After Henry died, Bartholomeu Dias continued
  Henrys journey and rounded the southern tip of
  Africa.
• The tip became known as the Cape of Good Hope, it
  opened the way for a sea route to Asia.
• In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships that
  reached the great spice port of Calicut on the
  west coast of India.
• In 1502, he forced a treaty of friendship on the
  ruler of Calicut.
• As a result, the Portuguese seized key ports
  around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading
  empire.

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• Columbus Sails to the West
• In 1492, Columbus sailed west with three ships
  the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria.
• Columbus found a route to continents previously
  unknown to them.

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• Spain and Portugal pressed rival claims to the
  land Columbus explored.
• Pope Alexander IV created the Line of
  Demarcation, dividing the non-European world into
  two zones (Eastern and Western)

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• The Search Continues
• Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage known as the
  Strait of Magellan.
• He renamed the Balboas South Sea, the Pacific
  Ocean.
• The Spanish hailed Magellans crew the first
  people to sail around the world when they reached
  Seville.

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• The European age of exploration set off a period
  of growing global interdependence that still
  continues today.
• As trade increased, conflicts between Europe and
  other civilizations would become more pronounced.
• Many conflicts emerged in Asia.

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Diverse Traditions of Southeast Asia

• Geography of Southeast Asia
• Southeast Asia is made up of two major regions.
• First, mainland Southeast Asia, several
  peninsulas that jut south between India and
  China.
• Second, island Southeast Asia, more than 20,000
  islands scattered between the Indian Ocean and
  the South China Sea.
• Separated from the rest of Asia by mountains and
  high plateaus.
• Southeast Asias river valleys were home to early
  civilizations They are the Irrawaddy, Chao
  Phraya, Mekong, and Red.
• Island Southeast Asia is a seaborne trade between
  China and India.
• Monsoons, shaped trading patterns in the southern
  seas.
• Southeast Asian ports became important centers of
  trade and culture.
• International trade network linked India,
  Southeast Asia, and China to East Africa and the
  Middle East.
• The key products of Southeast Asia were spices.

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• Impact of India
• Buddhism was one of the many exports from India
  that had an effect on the people of Southeast
  Asia.
• Buddhist monks and scholars introduced Theravada
  beliefs.
• Trade brought prosperity as merchants exchanged
  products.
• Indians carried a third religion after Hinduism
  and Buddhism, that Asians were introduced to,
  that was Islam.
• Traders spreaded Islamic beliefs and Muslim
  civilization throughout the islands of Indonesia
  and as far east as the Philippines.
• The prevalence of Islam in lands surrounding the
  Indian Ocean contributed to the growth of a
  stable, thriving trade network.

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• New Kingdoms and Empires
• The blend of Indian influences with local
  cultures produced a series of kingdoms and
  cultures in Southeast Asia.
• The new kingdoms and empires were know as the
  kingdom of Pagan, the Khmer Empire, and the
  empire of Srivijaya

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• Vietnam Emerges
• The heart of northern Vietnam was the Red River
  delta.
• The river irrigated fertile rice fields, which
  provided food for a growing population.
• In 111 B.C., Han armies conquered the Vietnam
  region.
• During that time, the Vietnamese absorbed
  Confucian ides.
• Theravada, Mahayana, and Daoism helped shape
  Vietnamese society.
• In 939, as the Tang dynasty collapsed in China,
  Vietnam was able to break free from China.

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European Footholds in Southeast Asia and India

• Portugals Empire in the East
• Portugal was the first European power to gain a
  foothold in Asia.
• In 1510, they seized the island of Goa off the
  coast of India, making their major military and
  commercial base.
• Albuquerque then moved to end Muslim power and
  turn the Indian Ocean into a Portuguese lake.
• In 1511, Albuquerque took Malacca, massacring the
  citys Muslims and making the Europeans hated and
  feared.
• In less then 50 years, the Portuguese had built a
  trading empire with military and merchant
  outposts, rimming the southern seas.
• For most of the 1500s, Portugal controlled the
  spice trade between Europe and Asia.
• Despite their sea power, the Portuguese remained
  on the fringe of Asian trade.

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• Rise of the Dutch
• The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge
  Portuguese domination in Asia.
• The Netherlands soon fell under Spanish rule in
  the early 1500s.
• Later, the Protestant northern provinces won
  independence.
• The Dutch used their sea power to set up colonies
  and trading posts around the world.
• In 1602, a group of wealthy Dutch merchants
  formed the the Dutch East India Company.

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• Spain Seizes the Philippines
• While the Portuguese and Dutch set up bases on
  the fringes of Asia, Spain took over the
  Philippines.
• Within about 50 years, Spain had conquered and
  colonized the islands.
• The Philippines became a key link in Spains
  overseas trading empire.

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• Mughal India and European Traders
• Besides producing spices, India was the world
  leader in textile manufacturing.
• It exposed large quantities of silk and cotton
  cloth.
• The Mughal empire was larger, richer, and more
  powerful than any kingdom in Europe.
• Several weak rules held the throne in the early
  1700s.
• Corruption became widespread, and the central
  government eventually collapsed.
• Both the English and French East India Companies
  made alliances with local officials and
  independent rajahs.
• By the mid-1700s, the British and the French had
  become locked in a bitter struggle for global
  power.
• In 1756, war between Britain and France erupted
  in Europe.
• The fighting soon spread, involving both nations
  lands in Asia and the Americas.

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Encounters in East Asia

• The Manchu Conquest
• In 1644, the victorious Manchu armies seized
  Beijing and made it their capital.
• The Manchus set up a new dynasty called the Qing.
• He expanded Chinas borders to rule the largest
  area in the nations history.
• New crops from the Americas, such as potatoes,
  and corn, boosted farm output, which in turn
  contributed to a population boom.
• The Qing dynasty turned out to be the worlds
  greatest empire.

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• Korea and Isolation
• The Choson dynasty, embraced Confucian ideas.
• Like the Chinese, Koreans felt that Confucian
  learning was the most advanced in the world.
• A Japanese invasion in the 1590s and when the
  Manchus conquered Korea before overrunning Ming
  China, led the Koreans to turn inward.

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• Japan and Foreign Traders
• In 1543, the Portuguese reached Japan.
• A growing number of Japanese adopted
  Christianity.
• By 1638, the Tokugawas had barred all western
  merchants and forbidden Japanese to travel
  abroad.
• Japan maintained its policy of strict isolation
  for more than 200 years.
• Isolation had a profound effect on Japan.
• Without outside influence, Japanese culture
  turned inward.
• In 1853, Japan was forced to reopen contacts with
  the western world.
• Renewed relations unleashed an extraordinary
  period of change that helped Japan emerged as a
  major world power.

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Regents Questions

• 1. Korea greatly influenced the development of
  early Japan by
• A. acting as a bridge for ideas from China
• B. providing Japan with the technology for
  industrialization
• C. serving as a barrier against Chinese
  aggression
• protecting Japan from early European exploration
• Answer Choice A

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• 2. In Japan between 1603 and 1868, the most
  notable action taken by the Tokugawa Shogunate
  was the
• A. military conquest of China
• B. development of extensive trade with the
  Americas
• C. formation of cultural links with Europe
• D. virtual isolation of the country from the
  outside world
• Answer Choice D.

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• 3. Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to
  feudalism in Japan in that
• A. power was based on class relationships
• B. equality among the social classes
• C. direct democracy
• D. monotheism
• Answer Choice A.

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• 4. A valid generalization about early Japanese
  culture is that Japan
• A. had a strong influence on the development of
  culture in Korea
• B. spread Shinto throughout Asia
• C. maintained a uniquely individual culture while
  borrowing much from other cultures
• D. imported almost all of its cultural ideas from
  China, resulting in nearly identical cultures
• Answer Choice C.

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• 5. Feudal societies are generally characterized
  by
• A. an emphasis on social order
• B. a representative government
• C. many economic opportunities
• D. the protection of political rights
• Answer Choice A.