Truman: Neither War nor Peace

1
Truman Neither War nor Peace

• Chapter 28

2
Beginnings of the Cold War

• The U.S. and Britain were allies with the Soviet
  Union only to defeat Hitler
• They did not trust Stalin
• The Soviet Union did not know about U.S. nuclear
  power
• The allies feared a communist takeover

• The Soviet Union hoped for a collapse of the
  democracies
• A stronger league of Nations was hoped for to
  prevent a conflict

3
Harry S. Truman

• Was born in Missouri in 1884
• Worked as a bank clerk, farmer, was a Major in
  the Army, and in 1934 was elected to the Senate

• Was the chairperson of the National Defense
  Program during World War II

4
Building a New Organization

• 1943 U.S., Britain, and Russia agreed to replace
  the League of Nations
• China joined 1 year later
• July 28, 1945 the United Nations charter was
  approved
• The U.N. promised peace and a better life for all

• The General Assembly included delegates from
  every member nation.
• Each nation got a vote (except S.U. received 3)
• The Security Council included 15 members 5 of
  which were permanent ( U.S., Britain, S.U.,
  France, and China) had power to veto
• 10 other members had a 2 year term but no veto

5
Problems with the Russians

• A rift was occurring between the U.S, and S.U.
• Stalin would not let Poland have free elections
• He would not give up control of Latvia,
  Lithuania, and Estonia
• Wanted to keep friendly stated along its borders

• Communism was threatening Europe
• March 5, 1946 Winston gave his famous speech
  from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across
  the continent
• He also said that the S.U. does not want war but
  the fruits of war

6
Warnings about Russia and the Greek Civil war

• U.S. minister to Russia believed communism should
  be contained within its present limits
• Soviet communism would either collapse from
  within of be forced to change
• A strong warning from Britain and the U.S.
  stopped the Soviet occupation of Iran
• If Greece was taken over by the S.U., communism
  might also infect Asia, Africa, and Europe

7
Truman Doctrine

• Economic and military aid were given to Greece
  and Turkey to keep communism out
• 300 million was given to Greece and 100 million
  to Turkey
• Greek-Turkish Aid Bill was approved May 1947

• Truman spoke that the policy of the U.S. Must be
  to support free people and to support them when
  they are under threat
• S.U. viewed it was a declaration of war

8
Marshall Proposes a Plan

• Was to not start war and to advance freedom
• Economic aid from the U.S. to European nations
  ravaged by world War II
• Was signed into law in 1948
• Total of 12 billion dollars

• More than half given to Britain, France, and W.
  Germany
• By 1950 their output was 25 higher over pre-war
  levels and kept the U.S economy booming

9
Bringing the Boys Home

• Truman was originally going to slowly reduce the
  Army due to the threats in Europe
• G.Is were starting to riot
• By 1946 the Military was cut from 12 million to 3
  million

• The U.S. passed the Servicemen Readjustment Act
  (G.I. Bill of Rights)
• Provided hospitals for sick and wounded, payments
  for unemployment, money for homes, free tuition
• Cost 14.5 billion dollars

10
Converting to Peacetime

• To create peacetime jobs, Congress passed the
  Employment Act in February 1946
• The nation adjusted swiftly to peace
• The nation had shortages due to strikes and
  inflation
• Wages were kept down during the war wanted an
  increase

• Railroads and coal miners went on strike
• A state of emergency was declared
• if members did not go to work would lose jobs,
  benefits and placed into the Army
• Customer goods were scarce until factories
  shifted to peacetime production
• Wholesale prices of food, clothing and fuel went
  up 25

11
The Attitude of the 80th Congress and the
Taft-Hartley Act

• Republicans won control in both houses in 1946
  election
• Taft-Hartley Act was very important
• Set out to achieve better balance between labor
  and balance
• Stopped dues paying members to only be hired

• Cooling off period 60 day period where talks
  could be ceased with no strikes of lockout
• Forbid unions to make political contributions
• The law passed over Trumans veto

12
An Active Congress

• Republicans believed high taxes destroys the
  profit motive
• It was attacking the New Deal
• The 22nd Amendment only allowed a President to
  serve 2 terms

• Presidential succession also now was passed from
  President to V.P. to Speaker of the House then to
  presider of Senate

13
Truman Tries to Extend the New Deal and The
Decisive Congress

• Truman sent bills to Congress calling for a Fair
  Deal
• Most were extensions of New Deal
• Some were for Civil Rights
• 1948 called for anti-lynching, anti poll tax laws

• He desegregated the Military
• Because Congress did not act on many of his
  proposals he called them do nothing
• The Congress enacted Truman Doctrine, Marshall
  Plan, National Security Act, created the CIA

14
The Problem of Germany

• After Germany was defeated it was divided into
  zones of occupation among U.S., Britain, France,
  and Russia
• Berlin was divided the same way
• Postwar Germany was discussed at Potsdam 1945
  along with trial for war criminals

• West Germany became unified in 1948 and received
  U.S. aid

15
The Berlin Blockade

• The S.U wanted to prevent W. powers to help W.
  Germany
• June 24, 1948 all traffic was banned from the
  W.zone and Berlin
• Combat without open fighting Cold War
• Truman would not back down

• The U.S., England, and France sent 4 thousand
  tons of supplies each day to W. Berlin
• May 12, 1949 Stalin lifted the ban

16
The Creation of NATO

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed
  because of Berlin Airlift
• It included the U.S. Canada and 15 European
  nations
• An attack on one is an attack on all

• The U.S. joined the first peacetime alliance in
  its history
• General Eisenhower is put in command of NATO

17
1948 Election

• Republicans Chose Tom Dewey and Earl Warren as
  V.P.
• Democrats were divided (progressives, dixiecrats)
• Truman led a tough campaign
• Democrats gained in both houses of congress
• Truman won 303 to 189

18
The Second Red Scare

• People began to believe the was a communist plot
  to overtake the government
• 1947 the FBI checked the loyalty of all
  government employees
• Algier Hiss was accused of perjury
• Truman dismissed accusations
• Sen. Joe McCarthy stated the state dept was
  infested with communists

• The Rosembergs were executed and Morton Sobell
  was sentenced to 30 years for selling nuclear
  secrets to the S.U.
• Anti-communism laws were put into effect
• Was illegal to be a Communist and work in the
  defense plants

19
The World Worsens

• 1949 the S.U. exploded its first atomic bomb
• 1949 Chang Kai-shek was driven out of China by
  the communists under Mao Zedong
• Chang Kai-shek and his followers moved to Taiwan

20
Civil War With Korea

• Korea was split at the 38th parallel
• N. Korea was Communist from S.U.
• S. Korea was a Republic
• S. Korean government stated that it would
  liberate N. Korea
• N. Korean troops, supplied by the S.U. swept
  across S. Korea

• U.N. called for an end to the fighting
• U.S 7th fleet was to protect Taiwan
• Gen McArthur was sent to furnish arms, naval, and
  air support to S. Korea
• 19 nations contributed
• U.S. 4/5 of force
• Gen. Douglas McArthur was put in command

21
Korean War

• McArthur lands his troops at Inchon and retakes
  Seoul
• Chinese had I million troops waiting if U.S.
  crossed 38th parallel north
• China sent in troops and line was reestablished
  60 miles south of 38th parallel

• Joint Chiefs of staff did not want war with China
• Ordered McArthur do conduct a limited-war with
  Korea
• McArthur spoke out against it
• Truman fired McArthur

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Battle Map