ANATOMY

1
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

• HM2 JENNIFER FRETZ

2
POSITION and DIRECTION OF THE BODY

• Median/Midsagittal divides body into right and
  left side.
• Frontal divide body into frontal and posterior
  sections.
• Transverse divide body into upper superior) and
  lower (inferior) sections.

3
Anatomical Position

• Anatomical position is assumed when the body
  stands erect with arms hanging at the sides with
  the palms of the hands turned forward.

4
Anatomical Terms

• Anterior/Ventral toward the front.
• Posterior/Dorsal back/rear of body.
• Medial towards/near the middle of body.
• Lateral Further away from middle of body.
• Internal Inside.
• External Outside.
• Proximal Near the point of origin/closer to the
  body.

• Distal Away from the point of origin/away from
  the body.
• Superior Higher/above.
• Cranial Towards the head.
• Caudal Toward the lower end of the body.
• Inferior Lower than/below.
• Erect Standing.
• Supine Lying down/face up.
• Prone Lying down/face down.
• Lateral Recumbent Lying down on your side.

5
CELLS AND LIVING MATTER

• BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE

6
Characteristics of Living Matter

• Necessary functions for life Digestion,
  Metabolism, and Homeostasis.
• Digestion Physical/Chemical breakdown of food
  into simplest forms.
• Metabolism Process of absorption, storage, and
  use of food for body repair, growth, and
  maintained.
• Homeostasis Bodys self-regulated control of
  internal environment.

7
The Human Cell

8
Tissue

• Tissue are groups of specialized cells. There
  are four types.
• Epithelial Tissue.
• Connective Tissue.
• Muscular Tissue.
• Nerve Tissue.

9
Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelium is the lining tissue of the body.
• They are classified according to their shape,
  arrangements and function of their cells.
• Columnar.
• Squamous.
• Cuboidal.

10
Epithelial Tissue cont

• Columnar Epithelial Tissue elongated, longer
  than they are wide.
• They act as a barrier, preventing foreign matter
  from entering these cavities such as digestive
  tracts.

11
Epithelial Tissue cont

• Squamous Epithelial Tissue thin platelike or
  scale like cells.
• Ex tympanic membrane.
• Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Cubed shape.
• Ex ovary and the kidneys.
• Function secretion and absorption of fluid.

12
Connective Tissue

• Supporting tissue of the various structures of
  the body.
• Highly vascular.
• Aerolar.
• Adipose.
• Osseous.

13
Connective Tissue cont

• Areolar Connective Tissue Meshwork of thin
  fibers that interlace in all directions giving
  tissue both elasticity and strength.
• Chief Function Bind parts of the body together.
• Found between muscles and an outside covering for
  blood vessels and nerves.
• Connects blood vessels and nerves to surrounding
  structures.

14
Connective Tissue cont

• Adipose Connective Tissue Fatty Tissue
• Reservoir for energy producing foods.
• Helps prevent heat loss.
• Support various organs.
• Osseous Connective Tissue Bone Tissue.
• Dense fibrous connective tissue that forms
  tendons, cartilage, and bones.

15
MUSCLES AND BONES
16
Muscular Tissue

• Provides for all body movement.
• Skeletal.
• Smooth.
• Cardiac.

17
Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Voluntary Muscle fiber. Under our own control.
• Usually attached to bone.

18
Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Smooth/Nonstriated.
• Not under our own control/Involuntary.
• Ex Walls of hollow organs stomach,
  intestines, blood vessels, and bladder.

19
Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary.
• Located only in the Heart.
• Responsible for pumping blood into the heart
  chambers and certain blood vessels.

20
Skeletal System

• 206 bones in the human body.
• Supports and gives shape.
• Protects vital organs.
• Provides attachment. points for tendons, muscles,
  and ligaments.
• Have joints to provide movement.

21
Anatomy of Bones

• Bone is made up of an inorganic mineral salt
  Ossein.
• Hard outer shell Compact Bone.
• Inner spongy/porous portion Calcellous tissue.
• Center of bone Medullary cannel. Contains bone
  marrow.

• Yellow marrow ordinary, fat cells.
• Red marrow long bones and manufacture red blood
  cells.
• Periosteum - Thin outer membrane surrounding
  bone.
• Supplies bone with nutrients.

22
Types of Bones

• Long bones femur and humerus.
• Short bones wrist and ankle.
• Flat bones skull, sternum, and scapula.
• Irregular bones vertebrae, mandible, and pelvic
  bones.

23
Axial Skeleton

• Contains skull, vertebral column, and the thorax.
• Skull 28 bones.
• Facial 14 bones and 13 immovable bones and
  movable lower jawbone.

24
Spinal Column

• Atlas first cervical vertebra.
• Axis 2nd cervical vertebrae.
• Cervical 7 vertebrae.
• Thoracic 12 vertebrae.
• Lumbar 5 vertebrae.

25
Thorax

• 12 ribs.
• First 7 pairs of ribs true ribs. Attach to the
  Sternum.
• Remaining 5 pairs False ribs. Cartilage does
  not reach the sternum.
• Last 2 floating ribs. No cartilaginous
  attachment to the sternum.
• Xyphoid process located inferior aspect of the
  sternum. NEVER press on it when giving CPR. You
  can break it off and push it into the liver or
  spleen.

26
Appendicular Skeleton.

• Bones of the upper and lower extremities.
• Upper extremity arm, shoulder, forearm, wrist,
  and the hand.

27
Appendicular Skeleton cont

• Lower extremity hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and
  foot bones.

28
Joints

• Classified according to movement.
• Immovable bones of the skull. Fused together.
• Slightly movable held together by broad
  flattened disks of cartilage and ligaments.
  E.g. vertebrae/pubis.

• Freely movable most joints in the body.
• Joints enclosed in water tight sac/membrane
  containing lubricating fluid.

29
Types of Joint Movement

• Angular
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Rotation
• Circumduction

30
Types of Joint Movement cont

• Supination placing palm up (make a soup bowl).
• Pronation turning downward.
• Eversion turning outward.
• Inversion turning inward.

31
Muscles

• Muscle purpose determined by what type joint it
  is attached to.
• Provide movement.
• Maintaining body posture.
• Providing heat.
• Involved in bodily functions of respiration,
  blood circulation, digestion, speaking, and
  seeing.

32
Muscles cont

• Contractibility enables a muscle to become
  longer or shorter. Produces movement.
• Needs stimulus for this movement excitability
  irritability.
• Muscle fatigue when a muscle contracts lactic
  acid builds up and make muscle irritable. If
  cont then muscle will refuse to move.

33
Muscles cont

• Tonicity muscle tone.
• Isometric contraction occurs without movement.
  (movement against a wall).
• Isotonic muscle shortens and movement occurs.
  (lifting an object).
• Extensibility capable of stretching when force
  applied.
• Elasticity regaining their original shape when
  force is gone.

34
Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal (striated) attached to bone and give
  body shape. Voluntary muscles.
• Smooth Involuntary. In bladder, stomach,
  intestines, bladder, and blood vessels.
• Cardiac Involuntary. Only found in heart.

• Cardiac receive 2x blood as skeletal.
• Disruption of their blood supply can result in an
  MI.

35
Major Skeletal Muscles
36
INTEGUMENTARY SYSYTEM
37
Integumentary System

• Organs comprised of tissue grouped together to
  form organs or group of organs w/ special
  functions.
• Skin, Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and
  sweat glands.

38
Integumentary System

• Skin has two layers.
• Epidermis outer layer.
• Dermis true skin.
• Contains blood vessels, nerves, smooth muscles,
  and skin appendages.

39
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
40
Circulatory System

• Also called the vascular system.
• Consists of blood, heart, and blood vessels.
• Closed system.
• Function is move blood between the cell and
  organs of other systems.

41
Circulatory System cont

• Blood fluid tissue.
• 5-6 liters in an adult.
• Plasma liquid part of the blood. 55 of whole
  blood. Contains fibrinogen.
• Blood Cells 45 whole blood. Platelets, RBC,
  WBC.

42
Circulatory System cont

• Spleen is graveyard for old and worn out RBCs
  when they are removed from the blood stream.
• Color of Blood.
• Dark Red Venous.
• Bright Red Arterial.

43
Circulatory System cont

• Heart.
• Enclosed in sac pericardium. Has pericardial
  fluid in it. Why?
• Inner surface Endo.
• Upper chambers atrium.
• Lower chambers ventricles.
• Separated by Interventricular septum.

44
Circulatory System cont

• Cardiac cycle initiate and distribute electric
  impulses.
• SA Node pacemaker.
• AV Node atrioventricular node.
• Junctional fibers.
• Bundle branches.
• Purkinje fibers.

45
Circulatory System cont

• Blood Pressure pressure exerts on the walls of
  the arteries.
• Diastolic Pressure relaxation of the heart and
  the left over pressure in the Aorta.
• Systolic Pressure Contraction of the heart and
  pressure located in the artery.

• Pulse Pressure the difference between the
  systolic and diastolic pressure.
• Why is this important?
• Normal BP Adult?

46
Circulatory System cont
47
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
48
Lymphatic System

• Interstitial fluid all tissue cells of the body
  are continuously bathed in.
• Fluid is formed when blood plasma leaks through
  minute pores of the capillaries.
• Continual exchange of fluid of blood and tissue
  to share nutrients and get rid of waste.

• Helps defend the tissues against infections by
  supporting the activities of the lymphocytes.
• They help give immunity/resistance to the effects
  of specific disease causing agents.

49
Pathways of the Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic Capillaries thin walled/closed end
  tubes. Parallel blood capillary networks.
• Once fluid (interstitial) enters the Lymphatic
  capillaries it is called Lymph fluid.

50
Pathways of the Lymphatic System

• Vessels are similar to veins since they both have
  valves to prevent fluid from backing up.
• Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts drain lymph from
  large regions of the body. Named for the region
  they serve.

• Lymph Nodes Are not true glands. Found in
  groups of 2-15 around the body.
• They filter bacteria and particles from the lymph
  system.
• They contain macrophages, which eat and destroy
  foreign substances.

51
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
52
Respiratory System

• Respiration exchange of O2 and CO2.
• Physical/Mechanical respiration motion of rib
  cage/diaphragm.
• Physiological respiration Exchange of gases.

• Anatomy of System Nasal Cavity mouth pharynx,
  larynx, trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
  lungs pleurae mediastinum diaphragm
  intercostal muscles.

53
Respiratory System cont
54
Respiratory System cont
55
Respiratory System cont

• Process of Respiration movements of breathing
  are controlled by the respiration center of the
  brain.
• Nerves pass down from the brain to the neck,
  chest wall, and diaphragm.

• Phrenic Nerve controls diaphragm.
• Vagus Nerve controls larynx.
• Intercostal Nerves Control intercostal muscles.
• Normal respiration for Adult 12-20/per min.
• Child 15-30/per min.
• Infant 30-50/per min.

56
NERVOUS SYSTEM
57
Nervous System

• Divided into two groups Central Nervous System
  and Autonomic Nervous System.
• Further subdivided into Sympathetic and
  Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.

58
Nervous System cont
59
Nervous System cont

• Nerves Cordlike bundle of nerve fibers held
  together with connective tissue.
• Conduct impulses into the brain/spinal cord
  Sensory Nerves.
• Carry impulses to muscles and glands Motor
  Nerves.
• Included both types Mixed Nerves.

60
Central Nervous System

• Brain and Spinal Cord.
• Brain Two main divisions Cerebrum and
  Cerebellum.
• Cerebrum largest and most superior portion of
  the brain.
• Outer surface cortex or gray matter.
• Medulla white matter.

• Frontal Lobe Higher mental process such as
  memory.
• Parietal Lobe General sensations.
• Occipital Lobe Sense of Sight.
• Temporal Lobe Hearing.
• What would happen if you had a co-contra-co?

61
Central Nervous System cont

• Cerebellum situated posterior to the brain
  stem.
• Contains Pons, Mid-brain Medulla Oblongata.
• Inferior to the Occipital lobe.
• Main function balance, harmony with the motions
  initiated by the Cerebrum.

• Pons/Medulla Oblongata Form the brain stem.
• Medulla Oblongata inferior portion of the brain
  and connects the spinal cord with C-1.
• Controls heart action respiration circulation
  vital processes such as blood pressure.

62
Central Nervous System cont

• Meninges Three layers of membranes that cover
  the outer surface of the brain.
• Dura Matter (outer layer).
• Arachnoid Membrane (middle layer).
• Pia Matter ( vascular inner-most layer).

• What is the inflammation of the Meninges?
• CSF.
• What is a reflex arc?

63
Central Nervous System cont
64
Peripheral Nervous System

• Nerves that branch out from the CNS and connect
  to other parts of the body.
• Includes 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves and 31 pairs
  of Spinal Nerves.
• They carry both involuntary and voluntary
  impulses.
• Name some of each..

65
Peripheral Nervous System cont
66
Peripheral Nervous System cont
67
Autonomic Nervous System

• Portion of the PNS that functions independently.
  
• Regulates smooth muscles, cardiac muscles,
  digestive tubes, blood vessels, sweat digestive
  glands, and certain endocrine glands.

• ANS has 2 divisions.
• Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System most active
  under calm and restful situations.

68
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
69
Endocrine System

• Homeostasis self-balancing act of the bodys
  internal environment.
• Hormones chemical messengers.
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into
  blood.
• They have no ducts

• Hormone producing glands Hypothalamus,
  Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals,
  Pancreas, and Gonads (Ovary/Testes).

70
Endocrine System cont

• Hypothalamus synthesizes chemicals that are
  secreted to the Pituitary Gland to stimulate the
  release of hormones and regulate body temps.
• Pituitary Gland Master Gland. 2 parts

71
Endocrine System cont

• Thyroid Shaped like a butterfly and located in
  the anterior part of the neck below the larynx.
• Secretes iodine containing hormone Thyroxin.
  Controls metabolism.

• Parathyroid 4 round bodies posterior to the
  Thyroid gland.
• Adrenal Glands Produce 3 steroid hormones,
  Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine.

72
Endocrine System cont

• Pancreas Contains 2 secretor tissues.
• Islands of Langerhans Alpha, Beta, and Delta
  cells.
• Alpha Secrete Glucagon.
• Beta Secrete Insulin.
• Delta Somatostatin.

• When islet cells are destroyed or stop
  functioning, the sugar absorbed from the
  intestine remains in the blood and excess sugar
  is excreted by the Kidneys.
• Diabetes Mellitus.

73
Endocrine System cont

• Gonads.
• Testes Male. Produces Testosterone and
  influences development and maintenance of the
  male accessory sex organs.

• Ovary Produce estrogen and Progesterone.

74
SENSORY SYSTEM
75
Sensory System

• Informs the brain of changes that are taking
  place inside and outside the body.
• Hearing, Sight, Taste, Smell, Touch.
• Smell.
• Which Cranial nerve is it associated with?

• Sight Assisted by the eye brows, eye lashes,
  eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus.
• Lacrimal Apparatus produces tears and drain
  them from the surface of the eyeball.

76
Sensory System cont
77
Sensory System cont

• Vision Process Rays of light passing through
  the Cornea. Image is received by the lens, by
  way of the Iris. Leaving the lens image falls on
  Rods or Cones in the Retina. Then carried to the
  brain via the Optic Nerve.

• Image received by the Retina is upside down, but
  the brain turns it right-side up.
• Refraction Deflection or bending of light rays
  when light passes through substances of varying
  density in the eye (cornea, lens, aqueous and
  vitreous humor)

78
Sensory System cont

• Accommodation Lens increases or decreases the
  curvature to refract light rays into focus on the
  Fovea Centralis.
• Convergence Movement of 2 globes toward midline
  causing object to come into focus on
  corresponding points of the 2 Retinas.

79
Sensory System cont
80
Sensory System cont

• Hearing Ear is the primary organ of hearing.
• Divided into 3 parts.
• External Auricle, External Auditory Canal,
  Tympanic Membrane.
• Middle 3 Auditory bones (Malleus, Incus, and
  Stapes) and Eustachian Tube.
• Inner Filled with fluid called Endolymph.

81
Sensory System cont
82
Sensory System cont

• Touch
• Receptors are classified as to location,
  structure, and types of stimuli activating them.

• Superficial Receptors Exteroceptors.
• Deep Receptors Proprioceptors.
• Internal Receptors Visceroceptors.

83
Sensory System cont
84
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
85
Digestive System

• Includes organs that digest and absorb food
  substances and eliminate the unused residuals.
• Contains Alimentary canal.
• Digestion is both chemical and mechanical.

• Mechanical digestion occurs when food is
  chewed, swallowed and propelled by a wave-like
  motion, Peristalsis.
• Chemical digestion consists of the changes of
  food with aid of digestive enzymes into solutions
  and simple compounds.

86
Digestive System cont
87
Digestive System cont
88
Digestive System cont
89
URINARY SYSTEM
90
Urinary System

• Primary filtering system of the body.
• Composed of Kidneys, Urinary bladder, Ureters,
  and Urethra.
• All parts are the same in both sexes except for
  the length of the Urethra.

• Kidney 2 large bean shaped organs designed to
  filter waste material from the blood. Assist in
  controlling the rate of red blood cells
  formation, regulation of B/P, absorption of
  calcium ions, and the volume, composition and PH
  of the body.

91
Urinary System cont

• Located in the upper postior part of the
  Abdominal cavity. The suprarenal (adrenal) gland
  sits on top of each kidney.
• Renal Blood Vessels Renal Artery supplies blood
  to the kidneys.

• Nephrons Functional unit of the kidneys. 1
  Millions of them in each Kidney.
• Average adult excretes 1,000 to 1,500 ml per day.

92
Urinary System cont
93
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
94
Male Reproductive System

• Testes Primary Male sex organs.
• Produce sperm cells and male hormones.
• Testes are oval glands that are suspended inside
  a sac by a spermatic cord.
• Spermatic cord is formed by the vas deferens,
  arteries, veins, and lymphatics, and nerves, all
  bound together by connective tissue.

95
Male Reproductive System cont

• Internal Accessory Organs epididmis, vas
  deferens, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles,
  urethra, prostrate gland, bulbourethral glands,
  and semen.
• External Accessory Organs Scrotum and Penis.

96
Male Reproductive System cont
97
Female Reproductive System

• Specialized to produce and maintain Egg cells to
  transport eggs to the site of fertilization to
  produce and environment for developing the baby
  to give birth produce female hormones.
• Includes Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus,
  Vagina, Labia Majora Minora, Clitoris,
  Vestibula, Mammary Glands.

98
Female Reproductive System cont
99
Female Reproductive System cont

• Ovulation Stimulated by hormones from Anterior
  Pituitary gland. Mature follicle released from
  Ovary. Enters fallopian tube where it is either
  fertilized with sperm or it will degenerate.

• Occurs once a month.
• Generally on day 14 of a regular 28 day menstrual
  cycle.
• Estrogen and Progesterone are produced by
  ovaries, adrenal glands, and placenta (during
  pregnancy.)

100
Female Reproductive System cont
101
Female Reproductive System cont

• Female Reproductive Cycle Can start around age
  11.
• Menstrual bleeding occurs when the endometrial
  lining starts to slough off from the walls of the
  Uterus and blood comes out of the vagina. This
  is day 1 of the cycle and can last up to 7 days.
• Postmenstrual phase last day of cycle and before
  ovulation.

102
Female Reproductive System cont

• Endometrial cells become thicker in the Uterus
  which develop under the influence of Estrogen.
• Ovulation usually occurs on day 14 or 15.
• Pre-menstrual phase is the time between ovulation
  and menses.
• During this phase the ovum travels through the
  fallopian tubes to the uterus.
• If it is fertilized then it will implant into the
  side of the uterus. If not then menses being and
  the process starts all over again.