Mthodologie de la recherche

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Méthodologie de la recherche
Oral presentation
M2-Informatique, Paris 6 Elisabeth.Delozanne_at_math-
info.univ-paris5.fr http//www.math-info.univ-pari
s5.fr/delozanne/ Genevieve.Arnaud-Vincent_at_univ-pa
ris5.fr
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Did you know that

• Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
• prepared an essay on the idea of Natural
  Selection
• Sent it off to a man he figured would be
  interested in the concept
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

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Scientific Communication

•  In science the credit goes to the man who
  convinces the world,
• not to the man who the idea first occurs 
• Sir Francis Darwin 1848-1925,
• English botanist, son of Charles Darwin,
• In Eugenetics Review, april 1914.

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The Keys to Success

• Effective organization
• Dynamic delivery
• Compelling slides
• Harnessing anxiety

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A 7 point approach

• Purpose
• People
• Place
• Preparation
• Planning
• Personality
• Performance

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Preparing the talk

• How much time will I have to present?
• What might be interesting for this audience?
• What do I want them to remember?
• Main message one sentence
• What 3-5 main ideas will develop main message?
• What examples do you have relating to main
  message?
• What examples do you have relating to main ideas?
• Spend lost moments thinking about these questions

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Context

• Audience
• expectations, knowledge of the topic , degree of
  expertise
• Purpose to inform, to disseminate your
  research, to teach, to obtain a degree, to get
  help and advice...
• Length
• 20 à 30 min (conferences), 45 min (thesis), 1h 30
  (seminars), 2 h (lectures)
• Topic
• Ask yourself what you want people to remember
• 1 idea, 2 at the most
• Organize your talk around this idea and leave the
  rest out.
• Repeat main idea on the last slide.

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Deliver a message not a paper

• 5 steps
• Opening
• Get attention
• Introduction
• State purpose, main message/topic, outline
• Body
• State main points with support/examples
• Conclusion
• State main points one more time
• Close
• Leave with residual message (what you want them
  to remember)

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Opening

• Why?
• People need a moment to focus
• You dont want to confuse your audience
• Give people time to get used to your accent or
  intonation
• People remember first and last words spoken
• Condition your audience to pay attention
• How?
• Say something interesting!
• Keep it brief 1-5 of the talk for the grabber

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Creative attention getter in science

• Something surprising
• Research questions
• A results statement
• An analogy
• An appropriate short quotation
• A surprising generalization
• An object, an image, a video
• A personal or humorous story
• related to the topic/message!

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Openings to avoid

• A commonplace statement
• I was asked to speak about
• An apologetic statement
• I am sorry but my laptop is not working
• Excuse my English
• Anything which does not connect to the topic
  (like a joke)
• A long self-introduction
• Chairmans role

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How to organize your presentation? (1/2)

• The IMRAD format? (Experimental Sciences)
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion and conclusion

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How to organize your presentation? (2/2)

• In computer science
• Outline 1
• Problem
• Solution
• Objection
• Outline 2
• Problem
• Usual solutions
• Your solution
• Evaluation
• Conclusion

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Introduction

• Must bridge from the opener
• However..., Nevertheless, The point to be
  made is, This is important because
• Must
• Explicitly state the speech topic/purpose
• Outline main ideas using short sentences
• May
• place in context of larger field of study
• motivate audience to be interested in your
  problem
• 5 of talk

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Body

• Must present the core of your work
• your experimental design
• your solution to a problem
• your methodology
• an overview of the major procedure
• a comparison with related works
• Must display your results
• distill your data down to the important facts
• Must evaluate your solution or discuss your
  results

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Conclusion

• Must
• review, highlight and emphasize
• include an overall summary and propose actions or
  options
• refer back to your original aims or questions or
  hypotheses
• show your audience that you have
• achieved or fulfilled your aims
• answered your questions
• invalidated or brought support to your hypotheses

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Closing

• Repeat main message
• Last slide leave audience with something to
  remember (e.g web side)
• Avoid
• Trite remarks
• It is time to end
• Thank you for your attention
• Apologetic statement
• Ive already spoken for too long
• Sorry, I forgot to say that
• Solicitation of questions
• Do you have any questions?

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The Keys to Success

• Effective organization
• Dynamic delivery
• Compelling slides
• Harnessing anxiety

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Delivering your talk

• The five rights of your audience
• To listen
• To watch
• To understand
• To remember
• To assess
• Help them
• Do not ask them too much effort
• Give them more than one chance
• Do not let them fall asleep
• Do not duck issues/spin a yarn

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Capture the ear, eye and mind...

• Tone of voice
• Speak loud enough, not too fast, articulate
• Vary your rhythm
• Pause at key points
• Eye contact
• Look at the audience
• Not at your computer screen
• Not at the screen behind you
• Lighthouse effect
• Sweep the audience
• Do not focus on one person only

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Check your language

• Vocabulary
• Accurate and precise
• Avoid jargon
• Sentences
• Full and complete
• Use active voice
• Do not use impersonal structures
• Presentation of a system
• Who does what?
• Do not identify yourself with the system

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Posture

• Stand up and breathe
• Look at the audience
• Avoid mannerism
• Use your hands and gestures
• Get your hands out of your pockets
• Do not remain stuck to your computer
• Move (not too much)
• Use a pointer to
• Guide the audience through graphs
• Read complex or long quotes with them

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Do not let them sleep!

• Wrap up
• Repeat the outline of your presentation
• As you may remember
• So far so good
• Involve the audience
• As you would expect the results were mixed.
• Ask questions
• Did you guess
• Respect the time limit

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The Keys to Success

• Effective organization
• Dynamic delivery
• Compelling slides
• Harnessing anxiety

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Compelling Slides

• No more than one slide per minute
• Font
• Sans serif font
• Arial, Comic, etc.
• Do not use Times
• Font size no less than 24
• No italics or capital letters
• No more than 3 different fonts
• Not more than 3 colors
• Use clear background, dark letters
• Use templates

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The Title Slide

• Must display
• The main idea
• Your name
• May display
• Subtitle
• affiliation
• date
• image or graph
• only if related to main idea

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Typical slide

• Title
• Replace title by message
• Text
• Replace sentences by key words
• Readability
• Replace text by image or graph
• Cohesion
• Use templates
• Same symbols
• Number your slides

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Graphs and images

• Must be
• valid
• commented
• concise
• animated
• Must include
• a title
• colors
• legends

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Mechanical review

• Does every slide have a title?
• Do graphic results slides include takeaways?
• Are your eyes guided to important stuff?
• Do you have a mixture of text and images?
• Is the font large enough?
• Are you consistent across the slides?
• Did you use a sans serif font?
• Are the colors limited to 3?
• Is your background appropriate?

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Overall slide analysis

• Take out slides you can live without
• Check spelling
• Check graphics and builds
• Replace sentences by keywords
• No more than 4 important points per slide
• Choose a partner to do slide analysis

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The Keys to Success

• Effective organization
• Dynamic delivery
• Compelling slides
• Harnessing anxiety

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Harnessing anxiety

• Basics to remember
• The audience is not waiting to see you fail
• The audience desires to listen and learn
• You are an expert in your field
• Its OK to make mistakes
• Tips
• Practise and rehearse
• Memorize first and last sentences
• Write down  stuck  points
• Relax
• Breathe, stretch

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References

• G. Tisseau (ed)
• Les activités dun chercheur en Intelligence
  Artificielle méthodes et conseils, rapport
  LAFORIA 93/10, mars 1993
• L. Marshall, D. Boehm-Davis
• The art of speaking, CHI 2006 Courses notes, ACM
  Press, 2004

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Review of advice

• Rehearse
• In front of a mirror, of friends, of your
  supervisor
• Check time
• 1 to 3 minutes per slide no less
• Carefully prepare slide comments
• Polish up demos
• Demo effect
• Give your audience time to read the screen and
  understand
• Prepare carefully a scenario and run it over
• Answer question honestly
• Immediately after your talk write down questions
  (or record them)
• Food for thought