Section 1:Jefferson as President

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CHAPTER 11
The Expanding Nation
Section 1 Jefferson as President Section 2 The
Louisiana Purchase Section 3 The Coming of
War Section 4 The War of 1812
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SECTION 1 Jefferson as President
The Republican Victory

• A large crowd attended the inauguration of
  Jefferson. They were celebrating more than his
  election. They were celebrating the fact that
  there was Republican control of both houses of
  Congress. This gave them the power to make
  things happen.
• This inauguration marked the 1st time that one
  political party had control of both Executive and
  Legislative branches of the govt.
• With the country going from a Federalist
  President, to a Democratic Republican, this
  showed that our country could change power from
  one group to another peacefully. This was rare
  for this time period.
• Jefferson made it clear that his presidency would
  be one ruled by the mass of people, but not by
  mob rule. He was going to do away with many
  Federalist policies and ideas. But he also said
  that he would do it fairly.

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SECTION 1 Jefferson as President
Jefferson in Office

• Now that he was elected, Jefferson faced the task
  of putting his Republican ideas into effect.
• 1st order of business select his cabinet.
  James Madison Albert Gallatin were chosen.
• 2nd order of business Jefferson lowered
  military spending. Cut the size of the army.
  Cut navy to 7 ships. (hoped this saved would
  help repay national debt.) Got rid of unpopular
  taxes like Whiskey tax.
• 3rd order of business let some Federalist
  policies stay. He kept the Bank of the US. B/c
  it made for the government.
• Dem-Rep. Wanted Jefferson to replace Federalists
  in the govt. They wanted those jobs to go to
  their party. Jefferson finally gave in
  replaced some Federalists.

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SECTION 1 Jefferson as President
Marbury v. Madison

• Before Jefferson took office, Adams passed a law
  creating many new jobs for Judges. His hope was
  that the Federalists could keep control of the
  Judicial branch. With their being no limit on
  their terms, those Federalist judges would rule
  the Judicial branch for years to come.
• Adams worked on this until almost midnight the
  day before Jefferson was to take over. (midnight
  judges) Some of the judges just had to be hand
  delivered their paperwork to start their job.
  Adams couldnt get it all done, so he left some
  work for Jefferson to do the next day.
• Upset by the midnight judges, Jefferson
  ordered his sec. of state Madison not to deliver
  the orders.

This is what Its all about !!!
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SECTION 1 Jefferson as President
Marbury v. Madison pt. 2

• William Marbury was effected by this and sued for
  his paperwork. The Supreme Court (headed by a
  Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall) took
  this case and agreed with Marbury. It was unfair
  what Jefferson had done. He should give the
  papers to Marbury, but, they also said that the
  Supreme Court had no authority to force Jefferson
  to give them up. Marbury claimed that the
  Judiciary Act of 1789 said they did have the
  power (and it did say that), but the S.C. Said
  that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was
  unconstitutional. This made it seem like they
  were giving up their power.
• In reality they were taking a far greater power.
  The power to declare a law unconstitutional was
  what they really wanted. This power gave them
  more power within in the government. Thus, the
  Judicial branch became a far more important
  branch than ever thought by the founding fathers.
  
• The power of Judicial Review was the new power of
  the Supreme Court.

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SECTION 1
Jefferson as President
Question Which Republican policies did Jefferson
introduce, and which Federalist policies did he
accept during his presidency?
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SECTION 1
Jefferson as President
Republican Policies
cut military spending
repealed whiskey tax
did not commission midnight judges
Federalist Policies
kept the Bank of the United States
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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
French Louisiana

• In 1800, France was led by General Napoleon
  Bonaparte. His political ambition military
  skill caused fear across Europe. As he conquered
  neighboring countries in Europe, he dreamed of
  rebuilding Frances empire in North America.
• The only thing that stood between him doing that
  was 2 things. Spain the slave island of Haiti.
  Spain was afraid of Napoleon and gave him
  Louisiana to keep him from conquering Spain.
• Haiti on the other hand proved to be a thorn in
  Napoleon's side.

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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
French Louisiana pt. 2

• Haitis leader, Toussaint-Louverture, the led a
  slave revolt from France and defeated the French
  army. Napoleon had no choice but to forget about
  his ambitions in North America for now.
• With this wasted attempt at taking over North
  America, Napoleon needed to repay for what he
  had lost, and he needed this for his wars in
  Europe.
• Enter Jefferson and the US.

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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson members of Congress were nervous
  about Napoleon, so Jefferson sent an ambassador
  to France to talk to Napoleon about buying New
  Orleans from the French.
• New Orleans was an important port to the US along
  the Mississippi River.
• The US ambassadors offered 10 million for New
  Orleans, but Talleyrand (France's Prime Minister)
  said that w/out New Orleans, Louisiana was
  worthless. So he wanted to know if the US would
  be interested in all of the Louisiana Territory.
  
• Talleyrand wanted 15 million for all of the
  land. The US ambassadors were more than excited,
  and even though congress only said they could
  spend 10 million, they agreed to the deal and
  we bought the Louisiana territory from France.

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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson had problems accepting this deal, as he
  was a Strict Constructionist when it came to the
  Constitution. That was part of the platform he
  ran for President on, now he was doing
  something not it the Constitution. It made him
  look like a liar. He took a lot of heat from the
  Federalists about this.
• Most federalists were loose constructionists
  which meant they believed if it didnt say it in
  the constitution, then they had the right to do
  it.

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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
Mission of Discovery

• Americans knew little about western American
  Indians or the lands they inhabited.
• Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people
  and land of the West.
• To lead this expedition, he chose Meriwether
  Lewis, and William Clark.
• They were told to explore the Missouri River.
  Jefferson wanted them to form peaceful relations
  with American Indians they met. He also wanted
  to know about the kinds of soil, animals, land,
  weather, people, etc in the area.
• This group that went on the journey was called
  the Corps of Discovery.

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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
The Lewis Clark Expedition

• Left in May 1804. Set out from St. Louis,
  Missouri.
• Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian was their
  interpreter. Sacagawea's husband guided the
  Corps across the Great Plains into the Rocky Mts.

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SECTION 2 The Louisiana Purchase
Pikes Exploration

• The year that Lewis Clark returned, a young
  army officer (Zebulon Pike) set off to explore
  the Western lands of the new territory.
• His goal was to find the starting point of the
  Red River. (also to spy on Spanish outposts if
  the opportunity came about)
• Although he had passed into Spanish lands, Pike
  continued exploring. He followed the river until
  a group of Spanish cavalry arrested him. When
  arrested, Pike said What, is this not the Red
  River? They arrested him on the suspicion of
  spying.
• When finally released, Pike encouraged the US to
  seek good business opportunities in the American
  Southwest.

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SECTION 2
The Louisiana Purchase
Question How and why did the Louisiana Purchase
take place?
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SECTION 2
The Louisiana Purchase
EVENTS THAT LED TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Jefferson wanted to prevent the French from
controlling New Orleans.
Jefferson sends Livingston to France to purchase
New Orleans and Florida.
France offers to sell all of Louisiana to help
fund war against Great Britain.
The United States purchases the Louisiana
Territory from France.
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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
Danger on the High Seas

• The state of Algiers was one of several North
  African lands known as the Barbary States.
• These countries practiced piracy held foreign
  citizens captive for ransom.
• For a long time, the US paid tribute (bribes) to
  these countries. However, eventually, the US
  refused to pay any more and sent the US Navy to
  end the pirate raids.
• When Great Britain France went to War in 1803,
  the US was dragged into the conflict.
• Each country wanted to stop the US from supplying
  the other with supplies.
• Both began impressing American sailors boats
  (forcing sailors to join your army, and taking
  goods and supplies).
• Leopard vs. USS Chesapeake When the British
  Captain of the Leopard tried to impress 4
  American sailors, the USS Chesapeake Captain
  refused to let them go. So, the Leopard took
  them by force and attacked the Chesapeake.

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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
A Trade War

• Debates raged about how the US should react !
  War or Embargo (banning of trade, against
  Britain)?
• President Jefferson the Republicans favored
  Embargo. In 1807, congress passed the Embargo
  Act. This act banned trade with foreign
  countries.
• In theory, this law was supposed to hurt England
  and France. They were supposed to come to their
  senses and stop impressing our boats.
• However, what the act really did was hurt
  American Merchants (traders). They were forced
  to smuggle goods or starve.
• With the passing of the Embargo Act, the
  Federalist Party began to become more popular.
  There were hundreds of complaints against this
  act. Meanwhile, France and England were
  basically unaffected by the law.
• Congress eventually fixes the Embargo Act with
  the Non-Intercourse Act. This act banned trade
  only with France England. It also said that
  the US would start trading with them as soon as
  they stopped treating us bad.

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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
The Rise of Tecumseh

• Disagreements between England the US went
  beyond the neutrality issue. In the West,
  England was arming Indians with weapons to fight
  Americans.
• Tecumseh (a Shawnee chief) was an important
  leader against the Americans.
• Governor (Ind.) William Henry Harrison saw
  Tecumseh as a serious threat, so he gathered up
  an army went after Tecumseh.
• While Tecumseh much of his army were away,
  Harrison the US army attacked the defenseless
  Shawnees.
• The Battle of Tippecanoe started when a small
  force of Indians attacked Harrisons fort.
  Harrison cool, calm held off the Indians and
  then chased them away. He then followed them
  back to their village. Harrison ordered the
  village destroyed.
• With Tecumseh away, he lost much respect
  support.

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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
The War Debate
Clay
Calhoun

• Many Americans believed the British had put
  Tecumseh up to this war. So now, it was
  Englands turn to pay.
• War Hawks were members of Congress from the West
  South that favored a war with Britain. (Henry
  Clay Kent., John C. Calhoun S.C.)

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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
A Declaration of War

• The strongest opponents of the War Hawks were the
  Federalists from New England. The British trade
  restrictions (Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act)
  were hurting their way of life, and they wanted
  things returned to the way they were before.

American sailors being impressed
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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
Question Why did the United States declare war
on Great Britain in 1812?
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SECTION 3
The Coming of War
REASONS FOR WAR
interference with American trade
impressment of American sailors
military aid to American Indians
support of War Hawks for a war
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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
On August 19, 1812, the USS Constitution met the
British ship Guerrierre off the coast of Nova
Scotia. The ships circled each other. The
Constitutions first cannon blast rocked the
Guerriere like the shock of an earthquake.
When the British returned fire, their cannon
blast bounced off the side of the Constitution
like they fired a tennis ball. Nicknamed old
ironsides, the USS Constitution won one of the
first battles of the War of 1812.
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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The War _at_ Sea

• The Constitutions triumph over the Guerriere
  shocked many observers who expected the British
  to sweep the US Navy from the seas.
• Although outnumbered, the US did have some
  advantages. The US govt. licensed privately
  owned ships to attack British merchant ships.
• Equipping them with guns, was much cheaper than
  building new boats.
• Most of the British Navys ships were scattered
  around the globe couldnt be called away to
  fight the US. The US navy had well trained
  sailors newer more modern warships such as the
  USS Constitution. These new boats carried more
  ammo and were iron plated. With the skill of the
  American sailors and the new ships, the US Navy
  defeated the British early on in the war in 1 on
  1 battles.
• B/c of the early victories, the British were
  forced to blockade the Americans coast. They
  would stop all merchant ships from coming in and
  going out. (What effect might this have on
  America?)

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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The Canadian Border

• Hoping to equal the early success of the US Navy,
  American leaders hoped to invade Canada with 3
  separate armies. They expected the French
  Canadians to welcome US troops. They thought,
  conquering Canada from the British with French
  support would just be a matter of marching
  there.
• These hopes were soon dashed, as the British
  joined with Indian allies (Techmsh) and defeated
  the American army and took over Fort Detroit.
  Also, the French Canadians never showed up, they
  wouldnt fight for their freedom.
• Soon(by the end of 1812), the British controlled
  the strategic Great Lakes Region.
• Shortly after that(1813), American captain Oliver
  Hazard Perry was sent to Lake Erie to break the
  British control of the Great Lakes. The Battle
  of Lake Erie lasted more than 3 hours. Both
  sides suffered heavy losses. Finally the British
  surrendered. Perry sent a note to General
  William Henry Harrison. It said, we have met
  the enemy and they are ours. Perrys victory
  gave the Americans new hope.

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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The Frontier War

• Harrison took advantage of Perrys victory by
  pushing the British and Indians into Canada.
• A major battle took place at the Thames River in
  Canada. In the Battle of Thames, Harrison boldly
  ordered an American cavalry directly into the
  face of a British stronghold. The surprised
  British retreated, but the American Indians led
  by Tecumseh didnt. They held, but eventually
  retreated. When they did, Tecumseh himself was
  killed. This weakened the British-Indian
  alliance.
• This battle finally broke all British power in
  the Northwest frontier of the US. The US was
  finally able to secure its border between the US
  and Canada.
• Andrew Jackson fights an important battle in
  Alabama called the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
  Jackson also had to fight a group of Indians
  (Creek). They had killed 250 American soldiers
  and Jackson was sent to get revenge on them.
  Jackson and the US forces fought to a convincing
  victory. Soon, the Creek surrendered and gave up
  over 2,000,000 acres of land to the US.

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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The British on the Offensive

• Despite the success on the Western frontier,
  things back east grew worse.
• Having defeated the French in 1814, Britain now
  sent more troops to the US. They also
  strengthened their blockade of the Atlantic
  Coast.
• With new reinforcements, the British now
  concentrated on the Capital of Washington D.C.
  President Madison and most of his cabinet were
  forced to flee when the British broke through US
  defenses and began burning down the City (mashed
  potato and Dolly Madison stories). The burning
  of the White House and other buildings was in
  response to the US doing the same thing to the
  British capital in Canada.
• After this battle, the British boarded a boat
  headed for Baltimore, Maryland which was guarded
  by Fort McHenry. The British shelled the fort
  for ove 25 hours (Star-Spangled Banner / Francis
  Scott Key). The Americans refused to give up the
  Fort, and the British decided to just leave
  instead of continue with little hope for victory.
  

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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The British on the Offensive
Key _at_ McHenry
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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The Battle of New Orleans

• After their victory in Washington D.C., they
  launched an attack on New Orleans hoping to
  capture the city and cut off the Mississippi
  River.
• Andrew Jackson was in command of US troops there.
  When he found out what the British were about to
  do, he quickly constructed a dirt/mud wall for a
  defense. It worked.
• The Battle of New Orleans began on the morning of
  Jan. 8, 1815. British had about 5500 troops,
  Jackson had about 4000. The British army began
  their attack under the cover of heavy fog, but
  right before they got to Jacksons wall, the fog
  mysteriously cleared and the American opened fire
  on the unprotected British. The Brits returned
  fire, but only hit the mud wall. By the end of
  the battle, over 2000 Brits were dead, with only
  about 70 Americans being wounded.
• This battle made Jackson a Hero !!!

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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
Ending the War

• Before the Battle of New Orleans took place, New
  England Federalists met in Hartford, Connecticut
  to discuss their opposition to the War. This
  became known as the Hartford Convention. Some
  delegates wanted the New England states to
  withdraw from the Union.
• This attempt at challenging the power of the US
  proved devastating to the Federalists. After the
  Hartford Convention, the Federalist party loses
  most of its political power.
• The Treaty of Ghent was signed on Dec. 24, 1814.
  It ended the War of 1812. Days before the Battle
  of New Orleans was fought. (why did they fight
  the battle then?)
• Frustrated with their lack of success in the War,
  the British just gave up, just as they did in the
  American Revolution. (British public opinion)
• The two sides couldnt agree to anything in
  regards to their problems (impressment, or trade
  embargoes), so the treaty basically ended the war
  with nobody gaining or losing anything.
• The Americans were proud of how their young
  country stood up to the challenge of the mighty
  British Empire.
• After fighting this war, America becomes a super
  power in the World. (Why)

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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
Question How did the war progress on the Great
Lakes and at sea?
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SECTION 4
The War of 1812
The War at Sea

• USS Constitution defeats the Guerriere.
• British seize ships and blockade ports.

The War in the Great Lakes

• Perry defeats the British in the Battle of Lake
  Erie.

PROGRESSION OF THE WAR AT SEAAND ON THE GREAT
LAKES
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CHAPTER 11
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. What was the significance of the Marbury v.
Madison decision, and what issues did it
resolve? 2. Why did President Jefferson send
Lewis and Clark to explore the West, and what
important information did they bring
back? 3. What conflicts arose between the United
States and American Indians along the western
frontier?