The Louisiana Purchase

1
The Louisiana Purchase

• Chapter 10, Section 2

2
Control of the Mississippi

• By 1800, nearly 1,000,000 Americans lived between
  the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi.
  Most were farmers.
• With few roads in the area, they relied on the
  Mississippi River to transport their goods.

3
Control of the Mississippi

• They sent their goods down the Mississippi to the
  city of New Orleans.
• From there, larger ships carried them up the
  Atlantic coast to large cities.
• Spain controlled New Orleans, and often
  threatened to close the port to Americans.

4
The Pinckney Treaty

• In 1795, President Washington sent Thomas
  Pinckney to find a way to keep the port open to
  Americans.
• In the Pinckney Treaty, Spain agreed to let
  Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi
  and store them in New Orleans.

5
A French Empire

• However, in 1800, Spain gave Louisiana back to
  France.
• President Jefferson suspected that Napoleon was
  building an American empire and decided to make
  an offer to buy New Orleans.

6
The Pinckney Treaty

• Luckily, Napoleon gave up on an American empire
  when a revolution in the Caribbean made Haiti
  independent of the French.
• Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston
  to France to buy New Orleans and Florida with the
  offer of 10 million.

7
The Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon decided to abandon the Caribbean and
  sell Louisiana to fund his costly European wars.
• Monroe and Livingston agreed to buy the Louisiana
  Purchase from France for 15 million.

Robert Livingston
8
Was the Purchase Constitutional?

• Jefferson was cheerful with the deal, but not
  certain if the president had the constitutional
  power to buy the land.
• However, the purchase was too good to pass up.
• Congress approved the land deal in 1803, doubling
  the size of the United States.

9
Planning an Expedition

• Jefferson immediately prepared a team to explore
  the new lands, choosing Lewis and Clark to lead.
• The object of your mission is to explore the
  Missouri river, and such principal streams of it
  as by its course and communication with the
  waters of the Pacific ocean Thomas Jefferson,
  1803

10
The Purposes of the Expedition

• Military Most members were soldiers.
• Exploratory To explore the new borders of US
  and discover new wonders in the west.
• Trade Discovering an all-water route across the
  continent would provide a more direct trading
  route with India and China.
• Scientific To classify new species of plants
  and wildlife and study western geology.
• Tribal Relations To meet Native tribes and
  begin trading relations.

11
The Journey Begins (1804)

• The Corps set out from Camp Dubois and up the
  Missouri on May 14, 1804. However, the first year
  of the voyage was a tough one.
• Several of the men had attempted desertion and
  others had been flogged for inappropriate
  behavior.
• Sergeant Floyd died of a ruptured appendix in
  Iowa.
• In September, an argument between the expedition
  and the Teton Sioux nearly ended in a battle.

12
A Bittersweet Winter

• The winter of 1804-5 was extremely cold.
• Lewis and Clark studied the land to the west from
  the Hidatsa and explorers in the Mandan villages.
• Here they also hired Charbonneau and his wife
  Sacagawea, who had her child Pomp that winter.
• As a woman with a child, Sacagawea made the
  expedition look less like a war party to tribes
  along the way. She was also an interpreter,
  healer and sometimes a guide.

13
On the Road Again (1805)
At The Great Falls a Grizzly snuck up on Lewis
while his rifle was unloaded. Lewis ran away
into the river and used his espontoon to ward off
the bear.

• That spring many of the men left back home,
  taking specimens with them. The remaining 33
  members moved on up the Missouri.
• In April they entered Montana, passing by the
  White Cliffs and Decision Point, where the men
  nearly mutinied.
• They were shocked by all the wildlife, and
  finally saw a grizzly, or White Bear for the
  first time.

14
The Corps Moves On

• Once reaching the Great Falls, the Corps spent a
  month portaging around the falls.
• Clark scouted ahead through the Gates of the
  Mountain and found the Three Forks in late July.
  Sacagawea recognized the country from her youth
  to the Corps delight.
• They followed the Jefferson river, which soon
  forked, and the party followed the Beaverhead
  River.
• After a time Sacagawea recognized another
  landmark Beaverhead Rock they were in the
  Shoshones territory.

15
More Help from Tribes

• Lewis finally reached the source of the Missouri
  at Lemhi pass, but realized that he would need
  help crossing the endless mountains.
• Luckily, he established good relations with 3
  tribes in the Rocky Mountains
• The Shoshone, Sacagaweas tribe, shared horses
  and guides.
• The Salish fed and clothed the Corps for a week
  before the expedition crossed Lolo pass.
• The Nez Pierce nursed the men back to health
  after they had nearly starved and froze to death
  in the Rocky Mountains.

16
The Ocean at Last!

• The Corps raced down the Colombia River, finally
  reaching the ocean just before the winter.
• They quickly built Fort Clatsop, named for the
  local Indians, in modern-day Astoria.
• In the spring, they returned along the same path,
  meeting most the same tribes along the way.
• The party split in Lolo and explored new paths in
  Montana.

17
The Separation

• Clark and the majority of the party headed south
  across Bozeman Pass to explore the Yellowstone
  River.
• Along the way they looked for the Crow tribe, but
  never saw them. However, all of their horses
  were taken by the Crow in only two nights!
• Lewis took a shortcut to the Great Falls and
  roamed into Blackfeet country, where he and his
  men fought with (and killed) two young Blackfeet
  men, then raced back to meet Clark.

Near present-day Billings Clark signed his name
in a huge rock pillar he named for Sacagaweas
son, Pomp. Pompeys Pillar is the only physical
sign left behind by the expedition that can still
be seen today.
18
Reunited

• Lewis finally caught up to Clark in early August
  near the confluence of the Missouri and
  Yellowstone.
• The captains dropped off Sacagawea, Pomp and
  Charbonneau at the Mandan Villages, as well as
  John Colter, who wished to stay and become a
  mountain man.
• They were not safe yet though, as Cruzatte proved
  when he shot Lewis in the butt after mistaking
  him for an elk!

19
The Swift Ride Home (1806)

• Now headed downstream again in August, the party
  moved about 70 miles a day (instead of 10 to 20
  upstream.)
• Finally, on September 23rd almost three full
  years after they set out Lewis and Clark
  returned to St. Louis.
• One man claimed it was as if they had just
  returned from the moon!

20
The Entire Journey
21
The Legacy of Explorers

• Zebulon Pike was another explorer, who journeyed
  along the Mississippi River and into Colorado and
  New Mexico.
• He was arrested by the Spanish, however, and sent
  back to the U.S.
• The Journeys of Pike and Lewis and Clark excited
  Americans, but pioneers did not immediately
  settle these western lands.

22
Threats from Overseas

• Chapter 10, Section 3

23
Setting the Scene
The Captain said if we would come up, he would
give us some drink As soon as we got on the
quarter deck they surrounded us and the second
mate clapped a pistol to my chest. He said If
you move an inch, I will blow your brains out.

• Four American sailors who had been kidnapped by
  the British navy off the coast of India saw their
  chance to escape one night.
• They jumped into a small boat and rowed as fast
  as they could. Unfortunately, they were
  intercepted by another British boat before they
  could reach the shore.

24
Yankee Traders

• After the Revolution, American trade grew
  rapidly.
• Ships from New England went on voyages that
  sometimes lasted years.
• These Yankee traders traded New England ice for
  the spices and silks of India and China.

25
Yankee Traders

• More than 10 years before Lewis and Clark, Yankee
  merchants had already sailed up the pacific
  coast.
• So many traders had visited the tribes there that
  the local Indians knew white men as Boston.

Robert Gray explored and traded along the
Colombia River for America
26
Yankee Traders
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• Trade was especially risky on the Mediterranean
  Sea, where pirates of the Barbary States (along
  North Africa) demanded a yearly tribute (bribe)
  to avoid attacks.
• When Jefferson refused to pay this tribute, the
  Barbary States declared war on the U.S.
• Jefferson responded by blockading the pirate
  capital of Tripoli. Admiral Stephen Decatur
  burned pirate ships while the marines launched a
  surprise attack on Tripoli by land.
• By 1805, the ruler of Tripoli signed a treaty
  promising not to interfere with American ships.

27
American Neutrality is Violated

• Unfortunately, Britain and France went to war
  again in 1803.
• The U.S. tried to remain neutral and profit from
  trade with both nations.
• Again, both Britain and France disregarded
  American neutrality by capturing American ships
  bound for Europe.

28
Impressment Gangs

• The British navy badly needed more sailors, so
  they stepped up their impressment of Americans
  (forcing them to become sailors.)
• Impressment gangs had already swept the villages
  of England and now they were taking our young
  men.
• Furious Americans demanded a war against Britain.

29
Jeffersons Embargo

• Jefferson knew that the American navy was no
  match for the British, so he avoided war and
  tried to hurt both France and Britain with a
  world Embargo (ban on trade.)
• He felt that trade was the most powerful weapon
  that we could use in our defense.

Many Americans opposed the embargo, saying that
it wouldnt hurt our enemies soon enough.
30
Jeffersons Embargo

• The Embargo Act kept us out of a war and did hurt
  Britain and France, but it hurt American shipping
  and Agriculture even more.
• Both France and England were vast empires, that
  could trade with any of their colonies. Americans
  had far fewer trading partners.

31
Jeffersons Embargo

• Supplies were cut off from Americans we could
  not buy British molasses, sugar or tea.
• American exports dropped by 80 million in one
  year. American docks were filled with supplies
  with nobody to buy them.
• Many merchants protested and even smuggled goods
  to avoid this unpopular act.

32
The Embargo Fails

• By 1809, even Jefferson admitted that the Embargo
  Act had failed.
• Congress replaced the Embargo act with the
  Nonintercourse Act, which allowed Americans to
  trade with all nations except Britain and France.
  
• This act was also unpopular, but the Republican
  candidate James Madison still easily won the
  Presidential election in 1808 when Jefferson
  decided to leave office.