The Scientific Revolution

1
The Scientific Revolution
Was it really a revolution?
chapter 16
2
Man and Ideas

• The Scientific Revolution the Enlightenment
  challenged and changed the way people thought
  about the world.

3
The Old and The New Worlds

• Superstitious?
• Black Cat
• Ladder
• Science Magic Alchemy
• It was called Natural Philosophy not science

4
Scientific Revolution
Was it really a revolution? Were people in
places outside of Europe thinking about science
and knowledge?
5
Knowledge BEFORE the Scientific Revolution
6
Natural Philosophies of Old
All the heavenly regions were perfect,
unchanging, and utterly different from the
terrestrial region below the moon, where any
movt was in a straight line, unlike the circular
heavenly movts
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Natural Philosophies of Old
the physical universe was hierarchical, as was
the human. Lowest on the scale was the element
earth. In ascending order, with less of the earth
and more or the lighter elements in their
make-up, were beings with vegetable, animal, and
rational (human) souls. From the moons sphere
upward, a hierarchy of angels, with spiritual
souls, moved the heavenly spheres, with God above
ala.
8
Natural Philosophies of Old
A motionless earth was the center of the
universe. It was surrounded by water, beyond
which was an envelope of air, in turn ringed by
fire. In it, the four elements of earth, water,
air, and fire existed everywhere as varied
mixtures.
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Knowledge AFTER the Scientific Revolution
10
Scientific Revolution
There is no doubt A very significant and basic
change in thinking about and observing the
natural world did occur
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Scientific Revolution

• Not only did the information base change but more
  importantly, the mindset of educated Europeans
  underwent radical changes

12
Scientific Revolution

• Changes in mindset disturbing changes in
  society
• it produced highly useful knowledge of natural
  world but intertwined with new technologies it
  contributed to the dangerously wasteful
  exploitation of natural resources

13
Scientific Revolution

• Changes in mindset disturbing changes in
  society
• it laid foundations for ways of preserving,
  extending, and increasing comfort of human life
  BUT it also put into human hands the ability to
  destroy all life

antibiotics to atomic bombs
14
Scientific Revolution
Two practices emerged 1. Using reason
deductive method- associated with Descartes 2.
collecting facts by observation and
experimentation inductive method - associated
with Francis Bacon
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What were some of the most significant changes
during this era?
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Scientific Revolution
Astronomy shift from belief in fundamental
differences of matter on earth than that in the
heavens to knowledge of universal laws of
motion valid throughout the universe
17
Scientific Revolution
Anatomy shift from Greek physician Galans
belief in humors or forces within the body to
Vesalius hands-on dissection of human corpses,
as well as Harveys experiments in animal
vivisection and his measurement of hearts
capacity to pump blood
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Scientific Revolution
Mathematics shift from use of Roman numerals to
full use of Indian/Arabic numerals with the
zero, logarithms, coordinates, calculus,
probability theory, etc
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Scientific Revolution
Chemistry shift from use of the four elements
(earth, water, air, fire) to use of new table
of 33 elements, decomposed water into newly
discovered oxygen and hydrogen
20
Scientific Revolution
All of this led to abandoning ideas of what was
authority It brought about new ideas for a
changing society Skepticism reigns supreme
21
What your history textbooks say about the causes
of the Scientific Revolution
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Scientific Revolution
What events led to this shift?
1) Black Death 2) Weakening of Catholic Churchs
dominance 3) Success of Protestant Reformation
with a splintering of Christendom into multiple
denominations - all claiming to be the one true
way to salvation 4) Devastating religious wars
involving most of Europe which raged from 1550s
to 1648 (Treaty of __________?) 5) Exploration
and new information, societies, items brought to
light 6) Colonization of new societies due to
Age of Exploration
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Beyond the history textbooks
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What influenced science and how and when....
25
A chronology

• Arabic numerals, including the zero were
  developed in India. They were introduced to the
  Muslim world in teh 800s.
• Translated into Latin in the early twelfth
  century, the numbering system was introduced to
  Italy by a traders son who had been sent to
  North Africa to learn mathematics around 1200.

• Zero did not come into widespread
• use in Europe until the seventeenth century.

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A chronology

• Knowledge of paper making reached Islam through
  Chinese prisoners of war in the 900s
• The first European paper mill operated in Italy
  in 1276

27
A chronology

• 800s and 900s, Muslim authors were commenting on
  original Greek works of mathematicians,
  scientists, and philosophers
• It wouldnt be until 1100 that Spainish scholars
  translated those works to Latin and Europeans
  began to comment on those Greek works

28
A chronology

• the mariners compass was introduced to Islam
  from China in 1000 - by the end of the 1100s the
  Christian salors were introduced to the compass
  technology

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A chronology

• 1300s Repeated decrees by various religious
  authorities forbidding the teaching of particular
  books or topics in universities were not
  successful.
• While accepting the supremacy of the Church, some
  scholars claimed that the spheres fo religion and
  science were separate. It is not the task of the
  Bible to teach us the nature of things this
  belongs to philosophy

30
A chronology

• 1300s Cannons were used by Muslims and European
  armies and by 1400s their use had spread widely,
  increasing demand for iron and for ways to
  calculate the trajectory of cannonballs

31
A chronology

• 1400s Humanism emerges in the commercial
  inhabitants of north Italian city-states.
• By focusing more on human achievement in this
  world rather than salvation in the next,
  humanists began to strongly advocate for
  education

32
A chronology

• 1400s Arabs take over Constantinople. They are
  the new middle men in the Asian spice trade
• 1550 Catholic church weakens
• 1500s Renaissance artists studied anatomy and
  optics to help represent their subjects
  accurately - linear perspective (more like
  engineers than artists)

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A chronology

• 1450s invention of moveable type, printing press
• 1400s new ship designs
• 1400s increasingly accurate maps
• 1492 Columbus
• by 1500s scholars using mathematics not only to
  describe, but to explain the workings of the
  physical world

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A chronology

• 1500s 1600s number of travelers increases with
  voyages of discovery.
• explorers, govt officials, adventures,
  merchants, mercenaries and scientists visited
  faraway places on ships armed with cannon.

• many wrote about their experiences, describing
  previously unknown lands, plants, animals, and
  peoples radically different

35
A chronology

• By 1750 philosophical societies dedicated to
  research, experiment, and publication of results
  were regular features of many towns in Europe

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The significant individuals
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Francis Bacon
Roger Bacon although only an amateur scientist
in his own right, helped to create a climate
conducive to scientific work. He encouraged
people to develop their own power and ability
rather than depending on knowledge from the past.
He was the father of empiricism and inductive
reasoning. He linked science to material
progress, which has continued to be a goal of
Western thought and education.

38
Copernicus

• Copernicus.
• Early astronomer Ptolemy - geocentric theory -
  Earth centered. Sun and planets revolve around
  Earth.
• 1500s. Copernicus argued sun center of universe -
  heliocentric theory.

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• Johannes Kepler.
• Used math to prove Copernicus was right
• Galileo Galilei
• Invented telescope. Saw mts valleys of moon
  rings of Saturn.
• Church took him to trail. Forced to recant his
  words.
• Isaac Newton
• Law of universal gravitation.
• Laws of motion.
• Radical change to social ideas. Major movts on
  earth did not necessarily involve God.

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• French philosopher and mathematician Rene
  Descartes
• Father of idea that you must prove, through
  scientific experimentation all theories
• I think therefore I am (clear, orderly
  progression of logical reasoning)

People must rely on their own reason to
understand life and the natural order of
things _Everything must be judged by asking what
is humanly reasonable
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• Harvey- heart
• studied blood circulation throughout the human
  body

Wm Harvey
42
Scientific Revolution

• Robert Boyle
• Father of modern science of Chemistry

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Scientific Revolution

• Where does all this new knowledge lead man?

44
1. Copernicus 2. Galileo Galilei 3.
Johannes Kepler 4. Issac Newton 5. Rene
Descartes 6. Francis Bacon 7. Robert Boyle
8. William Harvey