Anatomy

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Anatomy

• Sabino Sports Medicine

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What is Anatomical Position?

• The position the body is in when referencing
  relationships of the anatomical structures

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Anatomical Position
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Planes of Motion

• Bodys movements are around 3 planes of motion
• Frontal
• Divides body into front back
• Transverse
• Divides body into top bottom
• Sagittal
• Divides body into right left

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Planes of Motion
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Terms of Location

• When referencing location relationships between
  anatomical structures, use the following terms

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Terms of location

• Anterior/Posterior
• Towards the front of body /towards the back
• Medial/Lateral
• Nearer the midline/center of body/away from
  midline
• Superior/Inferior
• Nearer the head/nearer the feet

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Terms of Location

• Proximal/Distal
• Used only in reference to the extremities
• Closer to the trunk/farther away from the trunk
• Palmar/Dorsal
• On the palm of hand/on the back of hand
• Plantar/Dorsal
• On the sole of foot/on the top of foot
• Cranial/Caudal
• Towards the head/towards the feet

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Movements of body

• Flexion/Extension
• Moving the body parts closer together
• Moving body part back to normal position
• Abduction/Adduction
• Moving body part away from midline
• Moving body part towards the midline
• Internal/External Rotation
• Rotating body part away
• Rotating body part back towards body

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Movements of Body

• Protraction/Retraction
• Moving the scapulae towards the spine
• Moving the scapulae away from the spine
• Lateral/Transverse Flexion/Extension
• Moving the arm across the chest/body
• Side bending of the trunk
• Pronation/Supination
• Moving the forearm so the palm is down
• Moving the forearm so the palm is up

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Movements of the Body

• Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
• Pointing the toes/going up on your toes
• Pulling the toes towards you shin
• Inversion/Eversion
• The sole/plantar surface of the foot in facing
  the midline of body
• The sole of foot is facing away from the midline
  of the body

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Movements of body

• Circumduction
• Moving the arm/leg in a circle (CW or CCW) using
  a combination of movements
• Rotation
• Moving head/trunk from side to side (as if there
  is a stick down through the midline of the body)

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Movements
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Movements
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Movements
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Body Tissues

• Skin
• Bone
• Muscles
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Cartilage

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Body tissues
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Body Tissues
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Body Tissues
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Body tissues
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Body systems

• Integumentary
• The skin
• Skeletal
• System that supports us and gives us shape
• Muscular
• The muscles of the bodylargest system

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Body systems

• Nervous
• The master controlling and communicating system
  of body
• Cardiovascular
• Pumps blood through body

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Body Systems

• Respiratory
• System that supplies body with oxygen
• Endocrine
• Controls body through use of hormones to
  stimulate metabolic activities of cells
• Reproductive
• System that allows for the continuation of the
  human species

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Body Systems

• Digestive
• Provides bodys means for transforming food into
  energy
• Immune
• Bodys main defense against all foreign
  substances
• Excretory
• Urinary system filters out waste and purifies
  blood

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Integumentary system

• Protection against bacteria, dirt, insects,
  trauma, etc.
• Keeps fluids inside body
• Picks up sensations
• Secretes oily substance
• Can expand to accommodate increase in girth

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Skeletal system

• Bones and hyaline cartilage
• Protects internal organs
• Gives structure and supporta
• Acted on by muscles to create movement
• Metabolically active to form RBCs and store
  minerals

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Skeleton

• 206 bones
• Skeleton divided into 2 parts
• 4 types of bones

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Parts of skeleton

• Axial
• Skull, thorax, vertebral column,pelvis
• Appendicular
• Extremities

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Skeleton
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Types of bones

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular

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Long and short bones
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Flat bone
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Irregular bone
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Cartilage

• Hyaline
• Covers the ends of bones
• Fibrocartilage
• Found in joints between bones
• Functions
• Shock absorption, allows for smooth movement of
  bone on bone, protects the joint structures

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Muscles

• Contract to produce movement of the body
• Allows body to
• Accelerate
• Decelerate
• Stop movement
• Maintain normal postural alignment
• Produce heat

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Tendons

• Tough inelastic band of connective tissue
• Transmits the force of the muscle contraction to
  a bone

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Ligaments

• Composed of connective tissue that contains both
  collagen and elastic fibers
• Elastic fibers allow for limited stretching
• Surround joints bind them together
  strengthening and stabilizing the joint
• Movement is permitted only in certain directions

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Types of joints

• Synovial or Diarthroses
• hinge, pivot, saddle, ball socket
• Cartilaginous or Amphiarthroses
• Symphyses (fibrocartilage)
• Fibrous or Synarthroses
• Sutures, Syndesmoses

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Diarthroses/Synovial joint

• 2 bones whose articular surfaces are covered w/
  hyaline cartilage
• Joint space enclosed by a joint capsule,
  reinforced by named ligaments
• Synovial membrane lines joints
• Secretes synovial fluid which fills joint space,
  lubricates joint and nourishes articular cartilage

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Amphiarthroses/Cartilaginous

• The bony surfaces are connected by
• Broad flattened disks of fibrocartilage
• Hyaline growth cartilages
• Cartilage directly unites one bony structure to
  another
• Pubic symphysis
• Vertebral bodies

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Synarthroses or Fibrous

• Joint that is immovable
• Connected by solid connective tissue
• Bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue
  forming an interosseus membrane or ligament
• Anterior posterior ligaments in the radioulnar
  and tibiofibular joints

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Synarthroses

• Syndesmoses

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Bones of the foot

• 14 phalanges
• 1-5, proximal, middle, distal
• 2 sesamoid bones (found on plantar surface)
• 5 metatarsals
• 1-5
• 7 tarsals
• Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial,
  middel and lateral cunieforms

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Bones of foot
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Bones of foot
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Sesamoid bones
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Sesamoid bones
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Bones of leg

• Tibia (shin bone)
• Main weight bearing bone of low leg medial side
• Medial malleolus
• Tibial tuberosity
• Tibial plateau
• Fibula
• Non weight bearing on lateral side
• Lateral malleolus
• Head of fibula

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Bones of leg

• Patella (knee cap)
• Sesamoid bone
• Base
• Distal pole
• Femur (thigh bone)
• Biggest bone in body
• Medial lateral condyles epicondyles,
  pateallar groove, intertrochanteric notch, shaft,
  greater lesser trochanters, head, neck,

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Bones of leg
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Tibia fibula
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Tibia fibula
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Patella
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Femur
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Femur
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Pelvis or Innominate

• Ilium (anteior)
• ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, iliac crest
• Ischium (posterior)
• Ischial tuberosity
• Pubis (medial)
• Pubic symphysis
• Acetabulum
• Hip joint socket

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Pelvis
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Pelvis
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Pelvis
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Vertebral Column (spine)

• Cervical 7
• Atlas, axis
• Thoracic 12
• Lumbar 5
• Sacrum 5 Fused
• Coccyx 4 Fused

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Vertebral column
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Vertebral column

• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• Facets

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Part of the vertebrae
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Hyoid

• Only bone in body that does not connect to any
  other bone
• Assists in swallowing
• Found at level of C3-C4

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Sternum

• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process

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Ribs

• 12 pairs connect the vertebral column to the
  sternum
• Joined by cartilage
• Pairs 1-7 sternal (true) ribs
• Pairs 8-10false ribs w/ cartilage joining each
  rib together with the 7th rib
• Pairs 11-12floating ribs

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Ribs
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Scapula

• Acromion process
• Coracoid process
• Glenoid fossa
• Vertebral border
• Lateral border
• Inferior angle

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Scapula

• Spine of scapula
• Supraspinous fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Subscapular fossa

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Scapula
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Scapula
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Scapula
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Clavicle

• Collarbone
• The only connection between the appendicular and
  axial skeleton
• Sternal end
• Distal end

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Clavicle
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Arm

• Humerus
• Bone of upper arm or just arm
• Radius
• Bone on lateral (thumb or radial) side of
  forearm
• Ulna
• Bone on medial (little finger or ulnar) side of
  forearm

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Humerus

• Head
• Neck
• Bicipital groove
• Greater lesser tuberosity
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Olecranon fossa
• Medial lateral epicondyles

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Humerus
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Radius

• Radial head
• Styloid process
• Radial Tuberosity

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Ulna

• Olecranon process
• Trochlear notch
• Radial notch
• Styloid process

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Carpals

• Bones of wrist
• 2 rows
• Proximal
• Lateral to medial---scaphoid, lunate, triquetral,
  pisiform
• Distal
• Lateral to medialtrapezium, trapezoid, capitate,
  hamate

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Carpals
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Metacarpal Phalanges

• 5 metacarpals1-5 beginning with thumb
• 14 phalangesproximal, middle, distal
• 1st phalange does not have a middle one

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Metacarpals phalanges
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Skull

• Frontal (1)
• Occipital (1)
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)
• Nasal (2)
• Zygoma (2)
• Ethmoid (2)
• Sphenoid
• Maxilla
• Mandible

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Skull
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Skull
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Skull
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Muscular System

• Muscles
• Contract to produce movement
• Accelerate
• Decelerate
• Stop movement
• Maintain normal postural alignment
• Produce heat

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Muscular system

• Tendons
• Connect muscles to bones
• Transmit force that muscles exert
• Ligaments
• Connect bone to bone
• Form joints

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Muscular System
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Muscles of the Lower extremity

• Several small muscles of foot
• Extensor Digitorum Brevis (EDB)
• Extends toes 2-4

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Muscles of the leg

• 4 compartments of the leg
• Anterior
• Lateral
• Superficial Posterior
• Deep Posterior

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Anterior Compartment

• Tibialis Anterior
• Dorsiflexion, inversion
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Dorsiflexion, extension of toes 2-5
• Extensor Hallicus Longus
• Dorsiflexion, extension of great toe

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Anterior compartment of leg
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Tibialis Anterior
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Extensor Digitorum Longus
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Extensor Hallicus Longus
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Lateral compartment

• Peroneus Longus (Fibularis Longus)
• Eversion, dorsiflexion
• Peroneus Brevis (Fibularis Brevis)
• Eversion, some dorsiflexion

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Lateral Compartment
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Superficial Posterior Compartment

• Gastrocnemius
• Crosses knee ankle joints
• Plantar flexion, knee flexion
• Soleus
• Plantar flexion
• Plantaris
• Small little muscle w/ long tendon on lateral
  side
• Plantar flexion, knee flexion

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Superficial Posterior Compartment
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Superficial Posterior Compartment
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Deep Posterior Compartment

• Tibialis posterior
• Plantar flexion, inversion
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Plantar flexion, flexion of toes 2-5
• Flexor Hallicus Longus
• Plantar flexion, flexion of great toe

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Deep Posterior Compartment
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Tibialis Posterior
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Flexor Digitorum Longus
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Flexor Hallicus Longus
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Posterior compartment
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Muscles of thigh

• Quadriceps
• Hamstrings
• Adductors
• Abductors
• Miscellaneous

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Quadriceps

• 4 muscles
• One attaches on ilium (AIIS)
• 3 attach on the femur (2 of them posterior)
• All insert at the patella, encasing it and
  forming the patellar tendon which attaches on the
  tibial tuberosity

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Quadriceps
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Quadriceps

• Rectus Femoris
• Most superficial, crosses hip and knee joints
• Knee extension, hip flexion
• Vastus Lateralis
• Knee Extension
• Vastus Medialis
• Knee extension
• Vastus Intermedius
• Knee extension

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Rectus Femoris
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Vastus Medialis
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Vastus Lateralis
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Vastus Intermedius
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Hamstrings

• 3 muscles
• Attach on the ischial tuberosity of the ischium
• One inserts on fibula
• 2 insert on tibia

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Hamstrings

• Biceps femoris (lateral w/ 2 heads)
• Semimembranosus (middle with more membrane)
• Semitendinosus (medial with more tendon)
• All 3 do hip extension, knee flexion

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Hamstrings
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Biceps femoris
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Semimembranosus
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Semitendinosus
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Hamstrings
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Adductors

• All attach on the pelvis and the femur more
  medially
• Gracilis (thank you muscle)
• Adductor Magnus
• Adductor longus
• Adductor Brevis
• Pectineus
• All do adduction of hip, some hip flexion,
  gracilis does knee flexion as well

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Adductors
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Adductors
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Adductors
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Abductors

• Gluteus Medius
• Abduction, external rotation
• Gluteus Minimus
• Abduction, internal rotation

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Gluteus Medius and Minimus
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Gluteus Medius
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Gluteus Minimus
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Miscellaneous Muscles

• Sartorius
• Attaches on ASIS and tibia
• Hip flexion, knee flexion, external rotation of
  hip
• Tensor Fascia Latae
• Internal rotation of hip
• Gluteus Maximus
• Hip extension, external rotation

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Miscellaneous muscles

• Piriformis
• External rotation
• Iliopsoas
• iliacus psoas major
• Hip flexion

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Sartorius
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Tensor Fasciae Latae
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Gluteus Maximus
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Gluteus Maximus
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Gluteal Muscles
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Piriformis
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Piriformis
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Iliopsoas
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Iliopsoas
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Other structures

• Iliotibial Band
• Pes Anserine
• Made up of tedons from the Gracilis, Sartorius,
  semitendinosus
• gooses foot

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Iliotibial Band
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Pes Anserine
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Muscles of the Anterior Trunk

• Abdominal muscles
• Rectus abdominus6-pack
• Trunk flexion
• External Obliques
• Trunk flexion/rotation/sidebend
• Internal Obliques
• Trunk flexion/rotation/sidebend
• Transverse abdominus
• Hold internal organs in place, trunk flexion

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Abdominal muscles
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Abs
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Abs
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Muscles of Posterior Trunk

• Erector Spinae
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis
• Multifidis
• Rotators
• Long short
• All do trunk extension and some rotation

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Muscles of the back
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Erector Spinae
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Erector Spinae
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Erector Spinae
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Multifidis
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Muscles of the Shoulder

• Sternomastoid (sternocleidomastoid)
• Attaches sternum clavicle to mastoid process
• Neck flexion, rotation to same side
• Pectoralis Major
• Attaches from sternum to humerus
• Adduction of shoulder, horizontal flexion
• Pectoralis minor
• Attaches ribs 3-5 to coracoid process
• Shoulder depression

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Sternomastoid
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Pectoralis Major Minor
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Muscles of the Shoulder

• Trapezius
• Attach from skull to 12T vertebrae to clavicle,
  spine of scapula acromion process
• Shoulder (scapular) elevation, retraction,
  depression
• Rhomboid Major Minor
• Attach from lower cervical/upper thoracic
  vertebrae to medial border of scapula
• Shoulder retraction

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Trapezius
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Rhomboid Major Minor
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Muscles of the Shoulder

• Latissimus Dorsi
• Attach from lower 6 thoracic, lumbar and sacral
  vertebrae to humerus
• Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation
• Serratus Anterior
• Attaches upper 8 ribs runs back to attach on
  medial (vertebral) border of scapula
• Shoulder (scapular) retraction

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Latissimus Dorsi
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Serratus Anterior
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Serratus Anterior
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Serratus Anterior Rhomboids
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Muscles of the Shoulder

• Deltoid
• Attaches to the clavicle, spine of scapula,
  acromion goes to the deltoid tuberosity on
  lateral aspect of humerus
• Shoulder abduction, some flexion, extension

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Deltoid
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Muscles of shoulder

• Rotator cuff muscles
• SITS
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor
• Subscapularis

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SITS muscles

• Supraspinatus
• External rotator attaches on supraspinous fossa
  greater tuberosity
• Infraspinatus
• External rotator attaches on infraspinous fossa
  greater tuberosity
• Teres minor
• External rotator attaches on lateral border of
  scapula greater tuberosity
• Subscapularis
• Internal rotator attaches on the subscapular
  fossa to the lesser tubersoity

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Rotator Cuff Muscles
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Rotator Cuff Muscles Muscles
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Rotator Cuff
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Muscles of the shoulder

• Teres major
• Internal rotator
• Attaches from the inferior angle of scapula to
  lesser tuberosity

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Teres Major
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Muscles of the Arm

• Biceps Brachii
• 2 heads, short arises on coracoid process, long
  on the glenoid fossa attach on radial
  tuberosity
• Shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, supination
• Corobrachialis
• Coracoid process to mid humerus
• Shoulder flexion
• Brachialis
• Arises from lower half of humerus to ulnar
  tuberosity
• Elbow flexion

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Biceps brachii
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Coracobrachialis
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Brachialis
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(No Transcript)
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Brachioradialis

• Comes off the lower 1/3 of hunerus
• Attaches to the radial styloid process
• Flexes elbow

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Brachioradialis
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Triceps Brachii

• Has 3 heads-long, lateral, medial
• Comes off the lateral part of glenoid fossa, the
  posterior lateral part of humerus
• Attaches on the olecranon fossa
• Elbow extension, some shoulder flexion

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Triceps Brachii
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Forearm Flexors

• Several muscles
• Found on anterior aspect of forearm
• Attach on the medial epicondyle of humerus
• Inserts on carpals, metacarpals phalanges
• Flexes elbow, wrist, fingers

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Forearm flexors

• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Palmaris longus
• Pronator teres
• Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Flexor digitorum profundus

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Forearm Flexors
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Flexors of fingers

• Flexor digitorum superficialis attaches to the
  middle phalange
• Flexor digitorum profundus attaches to distal
  phalange
• Superficialis splits profundus goes through
  that split

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Forearm Extensors

• Several muscles
• Found on posterior aspect of forearm
• Attach on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
• Inserts on the carpals, metacarpals phalanges
• Flexes elbow, extends wrist fingers

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Forearm extensors

• Extensor carpi radialis longus
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
• Supinator

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Forearm Extensors
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Joints motions of the body

• Neck
• Flexion, Extension Rotation, Lateral Flexion
  (side bend)
• Trunk
• Flexion, Extension, Rotation, Lateral flexion
  (Side bend)
• Shoulder
• Flexion, Extension, Internal External
  rotation, Abduction Adduction,
  Horizontal/Transverse flexion, circumduction

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Joints and motions

• Elbow
• Flexion, Extension
• Wrist
• Flexion, Extension, Radial Deviation (abduction),
  Ulnar deviation (Adduction)
• Forearm (Radioulnar joint)
• Pronation, Supination

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Joints and Motions

• Metacarpalphalangeal (MP)
• Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
• Interphalangeal (PIP DIP)
• Flexion, Extension

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Joints motions

• Hip
• Flexion, Extension, Internal external Rotation,
  Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
• Knee
• Flexion, Extension
• Ankle (and subtalar joint)
• Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion

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Joints and motions

• Metatarsalphalangeal (MP)
• Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
• Interphalangeal (PIP DIP)
• Flexion, Extension