ANATOMY

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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 4

• Tissues and Membranes

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• Tissue
• a group of cells with similar structure
  function
• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nerve

• Membranes
• sheets of tissues that cover or line surfaces
  or that separate organs or parts of organs from
  one another
• epithelial
• serous
• mucous
• connective

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES

• Found on surfaces as either coverings (outer
  surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces)
• Classification is based on type of cells that
  make up the tissue, its shape the of layers
  it contains
• Shapes squamous cells are flat, cuboidal cells
  are cube shaped, columnar are tall narrow
• Layers simple is single layer, stratified means
  many layers

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Types of Squamous Epithelium-fig 4-1

• Simple a single layer of flat cell that is thin
  smooth found in
• alveoli in the lungs allow easy diffusion of
  gases through them

• Stratified many layers of mostly flat cells
• Mitosis takes place in the lowest layers to
  continually replace old cells
• found in the epidermis of the skin

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More Epithelial Tissue

• Transitional
• many layers of cells surface cells change from
  rounded to flat
• lining of the urinary bladder-permits for
  expansion without tearing in the lining

• Cuboidal
• one layer of cube shaped cells
• found in the thyroid gland, salivary glands
  where they are adapted for secretion of hormones

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More Epithelial Tissue

• Columnar
• one layer of column-shaped cells, taller than
  they are wide, function to secrete absorb
• lining of the stomach small intestine

• Ciliated
• one layer of columnar cells with cilia on their
  surfaces
• found in the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea
  large bronchial tubes where they sweep mucus with
  trapped dust bacteria either out of the body or
  to the pharynx to be swallowed

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GLANDS

• Cells or organs that secrete substances
• Unicellular are one celled glands. Example
  Goblet cells that secrete mucus in the
  respiratory digestive tracts
• Multicellur glands made up of many of similar
  cells are either exocrine glands with ducts or
  endocrine glands without ducts

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Glands

• Exocrine
• have ducts that take their secretion away from
  the gland
• example salivary glands secrete saliva that
  is carried by ducts into the oral cavity

• Endocrine
• secrete hormones directly into the capillaries
  to be sent to where they are needed, target
  organs
• example thyroid gland, adrenal glands
• Exception pancreas is both an endocrine
  exocrine gland

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Connective Tissue

• All types have a matrix or structural network or
  solution of non-living intercellular material
  different types of cells
• Types areolar, adipose, fibrous, elastic,
  blood, bone cartilage
• See Table 4-2

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Blood

• Consists of different type of cells plasma
  which is considered its matrix
• Different type of cells in the blood are
• red blood cells or RBC carry oxygen
• white blood cells or WBC destroy pathogens
• platelets prevent blood loss, work in clotting

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Areolar Connective Tissue

• also called loose connective tissue and are made
  up fibroblasts
• the matrix is collagen fibers which are strong,
  elastin fibers which are elastic, tissue fluid
  some WBCs
• they are found beneath the dermis of the skin
  the epithelial tissue that make up the body
  systems that have an opening to the outside due
  to the presence of WBCs they can destroy
  pathogens that enter the body

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Adipose tissue

• Adipocytes cells of adipose tissue store fat in
  microscopic droplets
• any excess nutrients taken in are stored as fat
  between the dermis the muscles
• the layer varies in thickness among
  individuals, the more excess calories consumed
  the thicker the layer

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Fibrous Connective Tissue

• Mostly matrix of strong collagen fibers
• Cells consist of mostly fibroblasts
• Very strong, yet flexible
• Mostly has a poor blood supply
• Found in the outer walls of arteries
• Tendons which connect muscle to bone ligaments
  that connect bone to bone
• Dermis the strong inner layer of the skin

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Consist mainly of elastin fibers which are
  strong, elastic have the ability to bounce back
  like a rubber band
• found in the walls of large arteries
  surrounding the alveoli of the lungs
• their elasticity makes it very easy for you to
  breath out or exhale, to maintain normal blood
  pressure

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Bone

• Cells are osteocytes
• Matrix is calcium salts collagen
• It is strong, hard, inflexible
• Has a good blood supply so can repair itself
  fairly quickly
• Body support, protect internal organs from injury

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Cartilage

• Cells found here are called chondrocytes which
  have no capillaries for blood supply so when
  there is damage the healing process is very slow
• Matrix of the cartilage is protein water so it
  is firm, yet flexible, very resilient
• found in the joint surfaces of bones, tip of
  nose ears, wall of trachea discs between
  vertebrae

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MUSCLE TISSUE

• Specialized for contraction, when the muscle
  fiber shortens it brings about movement
• The 3 types of muscle tissue
• skeletal
• smooth
• cardiac

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Skeletal Muscle

• Are cylindrical, striated or striped, voluntary,
  have several nuclei each
• attached to bones, have individual motor nerve
  ending
• are considered voluntary you have to think
  about these muscles to move them

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Smooth Muscle

• Also called involuntary or visceral
• have tapered ends, a single nucleus no
  striations
• you have no control over whether they move or
  not
• found in the walls of arteries, stomach
  intestines iris of the eye

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Cardiac Muscle

• Are branched, have only one nucleus are
  faintly striated
• have the ability to contract by themselves
• found only in walls of the chambers of the
  heart-myocardium

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Nerve Tissue table 4-4

• Made up of nerve cells or neurons which are
  capable of generating transmitting
  electrochemical impulses
• Found only in the nervous system brain, spinal
  cord, peripheral nerves
• See fig 4-7
• Consist of
• cell body contains the nucleus

• axon carries impulses away from the cell
  body- contains only 1
• dendrites - carry impulses toward the cell body-
  may have several
• synapse the space between 2 neurons
• neurotransmitters - chemicals that carry the
  impulse across the synapse

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Epithelial Membranesfig 4-8

• Serous membranes
• sheets of simple squamous epithelium that line
  some closed body cavities cover the organs in
  these systems, secretes serous fluid
• Example abdominal cavity lined by peritoneum,
  mesentery covers the abdominal organs

• Mucous membranes
• line the body tracts that have openings to the
  outside environment secretes mucus
• Example in the digestive tract mucus provides
  lubrication to keep the contents moving along
  during peristalsis

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Connective Tissue Membranes

• Made up of connective tissue
• See table 4-5