Post Civil War Years

1
Post Civil War Years

• Unit 6

2
The student will identify legal, political, and
social dimension of Reconstruction.

• a. Compare and contrast Presidential
  Reconstruction with Radical Republican
  Reconstruction.
• b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the
  South among the former slaves and provide
  advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and
  describe the role of the Freedmens Bureau.
• c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th,
  and 15th amendments.
• d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and
  other forms of resistance to racial equality
  during Reconstruction.
• e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in
  relationship to Reconstruction

3
The student will describe the growth of big
business and technological innovations after
Reconstruction

• a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other
  industries, such as steel, and on the
  organization of big business.
• b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the
  development of the West include the
  transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese
  labor.
• c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard
  Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies
  
• d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison
  include the electric light bulb, motion pictures,
  and the phonograph, and their impact on American
  life

4
The student will analyze important consequences
of American industrial growth

• a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in
  immigrants origins to southern and eastern
  Europe and the impact of this change on urban
  America.
• b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and
  Samuel Gompers.
• c. Describe the growth of the western population
  and its impact on Native Americans with reference
  to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.
• d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example
  of industrial unrest.

5
Presidential Reconstruction

• Lincoln introduced a plan for rebuilding rather
  than punishing the South.
• Andrew Johnson became president he was a
  southerner and former slave owner, so he was
  sympathetic to the South.
• He followed his own plan for reconstruction
  similar to Lincolns plan

6
Presidential Reconstruction

• Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union
  were pardoned. (Forgiven of any crimes against
  the U.S.)
• Former Confederate States could hold
  constitutional conventions to set up state
  governments.
• States had to void secession and ratify the
  Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery
• Once the 13th Amendment was ratified, states
  could hold elections and be a part of the Union

7
Presidential Reconstruction

• Johnson enacted his plan while Congress was out
  of session.
• Southern States enacted Black Codes
• Black Codes were laws that limited the rights of
  freed blacks so much that they basically kept
  them as slaves.
• Congress came into session unhappy!

8
Radical Reconstruction

• Congress did not believe Johnsons approach did
  not to enough because it did not offer Blacks
  full citizenship
• Congress felt they should be in control of
  Reconstruction
• Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867
  commonly known as Radical Reconstruction

9
Radical Reconstruction

• The southern states were put under military rule.
• States had to hold new constitutional conventions
• Southerners who supported the confederacy were
  not allowed to vote (temporarily)
• Had to guarantee the right to vote to African
  Americans
• Had to ratify the 14th Amendment, which made
  African Americans citizens

10
Civil War Amendments

• 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United
  States
• 14th Amendment defined a citizen guaranteed
  that no person would be deprived of life,
  liberty, or property without due process
• 15th Amendment no citizen can be denied the
  right to vote based on race, color, or previous
  condition of servitude

11
Johnsons Impeachment

• Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act to
  prohibit President from firing government
  officials
• Johnson fired the Secretary of War because he
  disagreed with him over reconstruction.
• Congress accused Johnson of violating the law and
  voted to impeach him

12
Johnsons Impeachment

• The Senate failed to convict Johnson by one vote
• This would have set a dangerous precedent for
  Congress to impeach a president over political
  differences.

13
Farming and the Freedmans Bureau

• Former slaves turned to sharecropping in order to
  survive.
• Sharecropping a family farmed a portion of a
  white landowners property in return for housing
  and a share of the crop.
• Sharecroppers who worked for an honest landowner
  advanced to tenant farming.
• Tenant Farming- farmer paid rent to farm the land
  and kept the profits from his crop.

14
Farming and the Freedmans Bureau

• Both the tenant farmers and sharecroppers were at
  the mercy of the landowner.
• Both systems were designed to keep African
  Americans working white-owned land.
• In an effort to help the freed slaves, Congress
  created the Freedmans Bureau

15
Freedmans Bureau

• The first federal relief agency in U.S. history.
• Provided clothes, medical attention, food,
  education, and in some cases land.
• It ended in 1869, but it did help many slaves
  transition to freedom throughout the south.

16
Education and the Church

• The desire for freedom and the need for community
  support led to the rise of African American
  Churches.
• Churches became the center of African American
  social and political life.
• African American ministers came to be seen not
  only as spiritual shepherds but as political/
  social leaders as well

17
Morehouse College

• 1867, group formed a school to train African
  American men to be ministers and teachers.
• Eventually became the Atlanta Baptist Seminary
  and later Atlanta Baptist College
• 1913 the name was changed to Morehouse College
  one of the most prestigious colleges in the
  nation
• Known as the Black Harvard

18
White Resistance

• Under Radical Reconstruction, black codes lost
  much of their power.
• Whites resisted giving blacks equal rights and
  some resorted to violence
• Ku Klux Klan was the most notorious group.
• Klan practiced lynchings and other acts of
  violence
• Some of their goals have changed but the Klan
  still exists today

19
White Resistance

• Southerners grew bitter towards the Union and
  those who profited from Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers were seen as people taking
  advantage of southern suffering to make money.
• They carried bags made of carpet like material
  thus the name.
• Scalawags were southerners who supported
  reconstruction this group was targeted for
  persecution by groups like the KKK

20
The End of Reconstruction

• Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the election of
  Rutherford B. Hayes.
• African American lost the small gains they had
  made during reconstruction.
• Southern States passed Jim Crow laws that
  enforced segregation
• Many states by passed the 15th amendment by using
  literacy tests and poll taxes as a condition to
  vote

21
The End of Reconstruction

• To allow poor, uneducated whites to vote, states
  instituted grandfather clauses
• These clauses exempted citizens from literacy
  tests and poll taxes if their ancestors had voted
  in previous elections or had served in the
  Confederate army or navy
• This eliminated African Americans in politics and
  maintained a solid south for the Democrats for
  more than a century

22
Industrial Growth

• Post Civil War

23
Railroads and the West

• Railroads played a major role in the industrial
  growth and expansion after the Civil War.
• Railroads made life out west possible by allowing
  farmers and ranchers access to eastern markets
  and resources.
• Railroads also made it easier for people too move
  west and populate territories.

24
Transcontinental Railroad

• Congress coordinated an effort to build a
  transcontinental railroad.
• The Union Pacific (an eastern company) and the
  Central Pacific (a western company) joined their
  tracks in Utah in 1869 with a gold spike.
• The completion of the transcontinental railroad
  would not have been possible without thousands of
  Irish and Chinese immigrants.
• Immigrants were often victims of racism and abuse
  because of their Asian features, cultural
  differences, and distinct dress.

25
Railroads and Big Business

• Railroads also contributed to the rise of the
  steel industry and big business.
• 1850s, Henry Bessemer developed a new method for
  making steel known as the Bessemer process.
• Manufacturers could make steel much cheaper than
  before, so steel became more affordable.

26
Railroads and Big Business

• Steel becomes an integral part of the nations
  economy
• Buildings could not be built taller skyscrapers
• Railroads became a practical and economical way
  to ship sizeable products over land.
• Resources and finished goods could be shipped to
  locations anywhere there was railroads.
• Shipping goods and resources in a timely manner
  became a major component of big business. (TIME
  ZONES)

27
Giants of Big Business

• Some people became rich in developing the
  railroad industry. Because some did so in a
  crooked manner, they became known as the robber
  barons
• Robber barons came to be indentified with wealthy
  entrepreneurs in other industries.
• 1869, Cornelius Vanderbilt extended his New York
  Central railroad to reach Chicago people were
  able to travel non-stop

28
Giants of Big Business

• Andrew Carnegie founded U.S. Steel and sold it
  to J.P. Morgan for 500 million.
• This made Carnegie the richest man in the world
  at the time.
• Carnegie becomes well known for his charitable
  work and philanthropic endeavors.

29
Giants of Big Business

• This most important name associated with big
  business is John D. Rockefeller.
• He founded Standard Oil Company, which was the
  nations first trust
• Trust unite different companies into one system.
• Trust exists to destroy competition and create
  monopolies (a market in which there is only one
  supplier of a product)

30
John D. Rockefeller

• He was able to dictate prices, eliminate
  competition and control the U.S. oil industry.
• He used vertical integration a business strategy
  in which one corporation owns not only the
  company that produces the finished product, but
  also the companies that provide the materials
  needed for production.

31
Thomas Edison

• 19th Century saw many inventions introduced to
  American.
• Thomas Edison was the most impactful inventor of
  the time.
• 1877, he invented the phonograph, later the
  motion picture camera.
• His most important was the electric light bulb.

32
Thomas Edison

• Before Electric light bulbs, people were limited
  to working only daylight hours or by dim
  candle/oil lamp light
• People could do more work after dark in
  factories, offices, and homes.
• He also came up with the idea of central power
  companies to provide electrical power to
  customers
• His company, founded in 1882, Con-Edison still
  supplies electricity to New York City

33
Western Growth
34
Reasons for Moving West

• In the years leading up to and following the
  Civil War, settlers moved west, causing a
  population boom.
• Some went west for religious reasons to spread
  the news of Jesus Christ to the Indians.
• The Mormons moved west to escape Religious
  persecution and founded Utah

35
Reasons for Moving West

• Gold Rush of 1849 led to early statehood for
  California
• Available land also drew people west
• Congress opened up more land for settlement in
  1889

36
Oklahoma Land Rush

• 50,000 people gathered at the Oklahoma border
  waiting for a gun shot to announce the opening.
• Featured people on horseback, bicycles, in
  wagons, and on foot all surging forward to stake
  their claim
• Some jumped the gun to get ahead and get there
  sooner
• Hence Oklahoma is nicknamed the Sooner state.

37
Farming, Ranching, and Mining

• Settlers in the west had to adapt to terrain
  different from the East.
• Lacking wood, settlers had to build and live in
  sod houses sod was very strong and durable.
• Many technological advances made western farming
  possible

38
Technological Advances

• John Deere designed the first steel plow that
  enabled farmers to plant crops in the prairie
  sod.
• Wind Mills allowed settlers to pump water from
  100 feet deep wells.
• Barbed wire allowed ranchers to fence in their
  land for cattle cheaply.
• Railroads created a way for farmers to import
  needed equipment and export their products to
  other parts of the nation.

39
Cattle Ranching

• Texas settlers learned ranching techniques from
  the Mexicans who lived there herding and driving
  cattle to market.
• Texans also copied their dress and culture-
  cowboy hats and chaps
• Rise of cattle ranching contributed to the
  slaughter of the buffalo that competed for
  grazing areas.
• Cowtowns popped up along the rail lines for
  shipping cattle back east Cowboys became
  legendary

40
Mining Industry

• Mining became important as discoveries of gold
  like those in California meant people could
  attempt to make a fortune.
• Mining camps and towns had a reputation of being
  wild and full of vice (gambling, drinking,
  prostitution)
• Big corporations moved in and the number of
  independent miners declined over time.

41
Impact on Native Americans
42
Buffalo and Reservations

• As more settlers moved west, Native Americans
  continued to feel the impact.
• They used the buffalo for food, clothing, and
  shelter.
• Settlers and trappers killed great numbers of
  buffalo, and by 1889 only 1,000 were left on the
  Continent.
• Plains Indians could no longer continue their way
  of life.

43
Buffalo and Reservations

• Many Native Americans were forced to relocate to
  reservations.
• Reservations are parcels of land set aside by the
  federal government for Native Americans.
• They would be forcibly removed every time gold
  was discovered or whites wanted the land.
• They became resentful and wars broke out which
  killed large numbers of Native Americans.

44
Violent Confrontations

• 1861, Cheyenne warriors angry that the US had
  forced them off their land launched several raids
  on camps and local towns.
• US forces surprised 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek
  killing 270 Indians, mostly women and children.
• Many were outraged and under the leadership of
  Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, the Sioux rose up

45
Battle of Little Bighorn

• In 1876, General George Custer attempted to
  surprise and defeat the Sioux at the Battle of
  Little Bighorn.
• Custer underestimated the size of the enemys
  forces.
• The Sioux quickly surrounded the U.S. troops,
  killing Custer and more than 200 of his men.
• This became known as Custers Last Stand
• By 1877, both the Sioux and Cheyenne had
  surrendered and were relocated to reservations.

46
Wounded Knee

• The last notable armed conflict between U.S.
  Troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at
  Wounded Knee, S.D..
• The Sioux had developed a ritual called the Ghost
  Dance that they believed would bring back the
  buffalo, return the Natives to their land, and
  banish the white man from the earth.

47
Wounded Knee

• U.S. forces believed that Sitting Bull was using
  the Ghost Dance to incite an uprising, so they
  sent in the army to arrest him.
• A gunfight broke out killing 14 including Sitting
  Bull
• They eventually killed 150 unarmed Native
  American men, women, and children.

48
Urban Growth and Immigration
49
Urban Growth

• From the end of the Civil war to the turn of the
  20th century, the size of U.S. cities increased
  rapidly.
• When cities increase in size it is called urban
  growth.
• Western cities grew from nothing as railroads
  took hold.
• Eastern cities grew as a result of
  industrialization and the jobs it created.

50
Immigration

• The late 19th century also saw a dramatic
  increase in immigration to the U.S.
• In the east, most new arrivals came from Europe,
  while on the west coast, many came from China.
• Industrialization in the east and building
  railroads in the west caused the influx of many
  immigrants.

51
Ellis Island

• To handle the large number of immigrants coming
  to American, the government opened Ellis Island.
• A tiny island near the Statue of Liberty in New
  York Harbor.
• All the nationalities that came created the
  American melting pot
• Most kept their traditional ways and society
  experienced a cultural pluralism (presence of
  many different cultures within one society)

52
Problems with Immigration

• Immigration provide much needed labor for the
  nations factories.
• Many US citizens felt that they took away jobs
  from Americans.
• They tended to live in their own neighborhoods or
  ethnic ghettos where they kept their culture and
  language.

53
Problems with Immigration

• Religious differences were also a source of
  tension most Americans were protestant while
  immigrants were Catholic
• Before the Civil war, immigrants came from
  Western Europe people with similar
  characteristics White and protestant
• After the Civil War- immigrants came from Eastern
  and southern Europe places like Poland, Italy
  and Russia
• There were huge ethnic differences which lead to
  an increase in Nativism

54
Nativism

• As feelings of Nativism (opposing immigration)
  grew, anti-immigrant groups began to form.
• The Government passed anti-immigrant legislation
  restricting immigration
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited Chinese
  immigrants from legally coming to the U.S and was
  not repealed until 1943.

55
Living and Working Conditions

• Industrialization produced many problems in the
  cities.
• The entire family men, women, and children
  tended to work in the factories 12 hours per day
  to make ends meet.
• Child labor was common, children as young as
  five,

56
Living and Working Conditions

• Working Conditions were often difficult the work
  was monotonous, long hours for low pay and often
  dangerous.
• Sweatshops were makeshift factories set up by
  private contractors to help main factory meet
  production goals.
• Sweatshops were poorly lit, poorly ventilated,
  and unsafe

57
Living and Working Conditions

• Living conditions were often hard as well.
• Urban slums (poor, inner-city neighborhoods)
  consisting of tenements.
• Tenements were overcrowded apartments that housed
  several families of immigrants
• Overcrowded, these slums often had open sewers
  that attracted rats and other disease-spreading
  pests

58
The Rise of Labor Unions
59
Samuel Gompers and the AFL

• Out of the challenging working and living
  conditions that faced industrial workers arose
  labor unions.
• Unions are organizations formed to protect the
  interests of its members.
• The most influential of the era was the American
  Federation of Labor (AFL) led by Samuel Gompers

60
American Federation of Labor

• The AFL used the economic pressures of strikes
  (refusal of employees to work until employers
  meet certain demands) and boycotts (refusal to
  buy or pay for certain products of services)
• The AFL also believed in collective bargaining.
• Collective bargaining is a process through which
  employees negotiate as a group.

61
American Federation of Labor

• To increase their ability to negotiate with
  business owners, the AFL pressed for closed shop
  workplaces in which employers could only hire
  union members.
• Closed shops forced employers to deal with the
  union because they could not look elsewhere for
  workers.

62
Strikes and Confrontations

• Employers hated the unions and often took
  measures against them.
• They threatened to fire employees who joined
  unions or forced them to sign contracts agreeing
  not to join such groups.
• Courts would issue injunctions declaring strikes
  illegal even the president would send in troops
  to stop a strike.

63
Pullman Strike

• The most drastic strike of the era was the
  Pullman strike in 1894.
• The Pullman car company had laid off workers and
  the union protested to George Pullman the owner.
  He responded by firing the union representatives.
• The union went of strike in protest, so Pullman
  closed the plant instead of negotiating.

64
Pullman Strike

• Led by Eugene Debs, the American Railway Union
  called for a boycott of Pullman Cars nationwide.
• 120,000 workers rallied to the strike, because
  the strike affected the deliver of the U.S. mail,
  the federal government issued an injunction and
  the President sent in troops to make sure it was
  enforced.
• Within days, the strike was over and set a
  precedent of Employers using the court to stop
  strikes.