Post-World War II Africa

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Post-World War II Africa

• Modern-Day Rwanda, South Africa, Somalia

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Post-WWII Africa

• The Colonial Legacy
• Economics
• New African nations still depended on Europe
• Government Education
• Europeans did not educate Africans in governance
• Limited education opportunities
• Many nations fell to authoritarian governments
• Health Care
• Many remote areas have little access to modern
  healthcare
• National Borders
• Borders were drawn by European colonial powers

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Post-WWII Africa

• Impact of World War II
• Nationalism
• Many returning soldiers did want accept being 2nd
  class citizens
• Aversion to Fighting
• Most European countries were not willing to fight
  to keep colonies

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Case Study IThe Rwandan Genocide
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What is Genocide?

• Any act committed with intent to destroy, in
  whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or
  religious group
• Killing members of the group
• Imposing measures intended to prevent births
  within a group

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Rwanda Genocide

• The Rwandan genocide was the systematic massacre
  of an estimated 800,000 people
• Mostly Tutsi tribe members
• Also includes moderate Hutus members
• The massacre lasted approximately 100 days from
  April to mid-July, 1994

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Map of Rwanda
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Rwanda-History

• 3 tribes of people that inhabit Rwanda
• Twa, the original inhabitants
• Hutus, migrated in 1000s
• Tutsi, migrated in the 1300s

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Rwanda-History (Continued)

• The Tutsis tribe of people gained a large
  dominance over the Hutus
• By the late 1800s, Rwanda was totally controlled
  by the Tutsis
• Government was controlled by a Tutsi King
• Population was
• 75 Hutu
• 20 Tutsi
• 5 Twa

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European Contact

• First Contact
• British explorer Hanning Speke (1858)
• Imperialism
• Rwanda becomes part of German East Africa (1890)
• Rwanda continues self-rule
• Tutsis still control the country
• World War I Effects
• 1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda (1916)

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Rwanda 1933

• Under Belgian Rule
• Tutsis continue to control the country
• Introduction to the Eugenics Movement
• Tutsis were considered to have Caucasian ancestry
  (through lighter skin, larger skulls) and
  therefore were superior to Hutus

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Rwanda 1933 (continued)

• Eugenics Movement Effects
• Creation of group classification on ID card
• ID cards now stated if the individual was Twa,
  Hutu or Tutsi
• Introduced a rigid racial concept of group
  identity
• Belief of superior racial status
• For Tutsis
• Some exploited their power
• For Hutus
• Created resentment

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The ID Cards
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Civil Strife in the 1950s 1960s

• Hutus Look to Gain Power
• Hutu Political Parties are formed
• Call for a change in government (1957)
• Civil War (1959)
• Thousands of Tutsis including the King are forced
  into exile in Uganda
• Hutus Gain Power
• Rwanda proclaimed a republic (1961)
• Hutu Gregoire Kayibanda named president (1962)
• Many Tutsis leave the country

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Rwanda 1990-1993

• Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Patriotic
  Front (1990)
• Mainly Tutsi refugees
• Effects of the Invasion
• New multi-party constitution (1991)
• Power sharing agreement (1993)
• Signals the end of civil war
• UN sent to monitor the agreement

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Rwanda 1994

• In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and
  Burundi were killed in a suspicious plane crash
• Civil war erupted on a massive scale
• RPF launches a major offensive
• Extremist Hutu militia and elements of the
  Rwandan military begin the systematic massacre of
  Tutsis

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Rwandan Statistics

• Genocide lasts approx. 100 days
• An estimated 800,000 people were killed
• Total population of Rwanda was about 7 million
• Many Tutsi women were systematically raped by
  HIV Hutu men
• No outside government did anything to stop the
  genocide

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Post-Genocide Rwanda

• Political Landscape
• A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to
  try to promote national unity and reconciliation
  (2001)
• RPF wins an absolute majority in government
  elections (2003)
• Paul Kagame becomes first president
• EU observers say poll was marred by
  irregularities and fraud.
• RPF wins large majority again in 2008
• President Kagame wins new term in elections
  (2010)
• Presidential candidate against Kagame
• Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza is arrested in 2010
• Bernard Ntaganda is sentenced for four years in
  jail in 2011

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Genocide Trials vs. Prisoner Release

• Capturing Perpetrators
• Hundreds have been arrested and tried for war
  crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, etc.
• Includes priests, army officers, government
  officials
• President Kagame has been accused
• Overcrowding of Prisons
• 36,000 prisoners released in 2005
• 8,000 released in 2007
• Most confessed to involvement in the genocide
• Third phase of releases since 2003
• 60,000 suspects have been freed since 2003

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The Rwandan Economy

• Economic Partners
• Major exports to Belgium, Germany China
• Investment and trade agreement with Belgium
• The government has promoted economic development
• Shows signs of development
• The major exports are coffee and tea
• Coffee makes up more than 50 of the total export
  

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Case Study II South Africa
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Geography of South Africa
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Important Cities of South Africa
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Provinces of South Africa
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History of South AfricaPre-European Contact

• Remains exist from about three million years ago
• Contains some of the oldest archaeological sites
  in the world
• The earliest ironworks are believed to date from
  around 1050
• Humans have inhabited for more than 100,000
  years.
• The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and
  Zulu

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History of South AfricaEarly contact with
Europeans

• 1487
• Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias
• First European in southern Africa.
• He named the cape Cape of Storms
• King John II renamed it Cape of Good Hope

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History of South AfricaEarly contact with
Europeans

• 1652
• Jan van Riebeeck
• Represented the Dutch East India Company
• Founded the Cape Colony
• Would become Cape Town

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History of South Africa (cont)

• Early Role of Cape Town
• Colonists use slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar,
  and India
• Discovery of resources
• Diamonds and gold
• Encouraged economic growth and immigration
• Started the Anglo-Boer War
• Boers and the British fought for control

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History of South AfricaBritish Control

• Cape Town became a British colony in 1806
• European settlement expanded during the 1820s
• Early 1800s
• Shaka Zulu founds and expands the Zulu empire,
  creates a formidable fighting force

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The Great Trek

• 1835-1840
• Boers leave Cape Colony
• Establish the Orange Free State and the Transvaal
• This intensified the struggle to control economic
  resources
• Competition between natives, Boers, and British

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The Boer Wars

• The Boer fought the British throughout the late
  1800s
• Boers used guerrilla warfare tactics
• The British ultimately won
• Formation of Union of South Africa (1910)
• Dominion of the British Empire

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British Rule of South Africa

• The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted
  the ownership of land by blacks
• Statute of Westminster (1931)
• Effectively granted independence

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Apartheid becomes Law

• Election of 1948
• The National Party was elected to power
• The legislature passed legally institutionalized
  segregation, later known as apartheid
• System of segregation
• The white minority controlled the vastly larger
  black majority
• Classified all peoples into three races
• White, Colored, Black
• Developed rights and limitations for each
• i.e. residential restrictions

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Anti-Apartheid Movement

• ANC responds to apartheid
• Led by Nelson Mandela
• Uses tactics such as civil disobedience and
  sabotage
• 1964 - ANC leader Nelson Mandela sentenced to
  life imprisonment

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Views of Apartheid

• Opposition to Apartheid
• Within the country
• Colored and Blacks
• The African National Congress (ANC)
• Outside the country
• International sanctions
• Boycotts of doing business with South Africa
• Excluded from 1960 Olympic Games
• Government still continued apartheid
• Harshly oppressed resistance movements
• Violence became widespread

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South Africa in the 1970s

• Military Spending Increased
• Began nuclear weapon development
• Social Unrest Continued
• Hundreds were killed in various protests

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South Africa in the 1980s

• Military Spending
• Produced six nuclear weapons
• Social Unrest Eases
• President FW de Klerk meets Mandela (1989)
• Public facilities desegregated
• Many ANC activists freed

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South Africa in the 1990s

• End of Apartheid
• Ban on political organizations (including ANC)
  was lifted
• Released Nelson Mandela from prison after
  twenty-seven years
• Repealed apartheid legislation
• Destroyed its nuclear arsenal

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Free Elections

• First universal elections in 1994
• ANC won by an overwhelming majority
• Mandela elected President
• ANC has been in power ever since

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Attacking Apartheid

• Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996)
• Led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu
• Brands apartheid a crime against humanity
• Also finds the ANC accountable for human rights
  abuses

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Modern South Africa

• Major Developments against AIDS
• 2001
• South Africa wins court battle to import generic
  AIDS drugs
• Govt must give AIDS drugs to pregnant women to
  prevent transmission to their babies
• 2002
• Govt must provide anti-AIDs drug at all public
  hospitals
• 2003
• Government approves program to provide anti-AIDS
  medicine via public health system.
• Drug-distribution centers and preventative
  programs

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Modern South Africa

• Economic Conditions since Apartheid
• Economy had steady growth
• However unemployment has grown
• Recession in 2009 first time since mid 1990s

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Modern South Africa

• Social Conditions since Apartheid
• S. Africa becomes the fifth in the world to allow
  same-sex unions (2006)
• President Mbeki urges to bring corrupt officials
  to justice (2007)
• Wave of violence directed at foreigners (2008)
• Poor living conditions lead to violent protests
  (2009)
• South Africa hosts the World Cup tournament
  (2010)

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Case Study IIISomalia
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Where is Somalia?
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History of Somalia

• Imperialist Age of 1800s
• Egypt, France, England Italy all claim parts of
  Somalia
• Late 1800s
• Protectorate of Italy
• Post-World War II
• Protectorate of Great Britain
• 1960
• Achieved independence
• 1970s
• Military dictatorship
• Under Mohamed Siad Barre

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Somalia under Barre

• Declares Somalia a socialist state in 1970
• Joins the Arab League in 1974
• Invades Ethiopia in 1977
• Ousted in 1991

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Somali Civil War 1991

• Somali Civil War
• Strategic importance was diminished due to end of
  the Cold War
• Disrupted agriculture, food water distribution
• Based on clan allegiances and competition for
  resources

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Somali Civil War 1991

• More Results
• Famine approx. 300,000 dead
• UN authorized a limited peacekeeping operation
• Completely disregarded by the warring factions

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Warlords

• The country was ruled by a number of warlords
• A person with power who has military and civil
  control over a an area
• Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a
  central government
• Alliance of warlords was formed in 1992
• Operated under the authority of Mohamed Farrah
  Aidid
• Declared himself President of Somalia

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United States Response

• Operation Restore Hope
• To restore order in Somalia

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The Home-Front

• On June 5, 1993, one of the deadliest attacks on
  UN forces in Somalia occurred
• 24 UN soldiers were killed in Mogadishu
  (controlled by Aidid)

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The UN Responds

• The next day, the UN called for the arrest and
  trial of those responsible for the ambush
• US and UN began an attack on Aidids control

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The Battle of Mogadishu

• Fought on October 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu,
  Somalia
• Operation was to capture top officials to Aidid

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Fallout from Mogadishu
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The End of International Involvement

• Withdrawal
• President Clinton called for a full withdrawal by
  March 1994
• The UN withdrew forces in 1995
• Ended the UN effort to help a country in anarchy
  and civil war
• Aideed dies in 1996 and is succeeded by his son
  Hussein

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Modern Day Somalia Government

• First government since 1991 is announced by
  Hussein in 2000
• Somali warlords announce their own national
  government in 2001
• Somali government has seen numerous problems
  since 2001
• Islamic fundamentalists have gained power
• Has not had a stable government since 1991

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Modern Day Somalia Humanitarian Crisis

• 2001
• Severe drought nearly 500,000 people to appeal
  for food aid
• 2004
• Tsunami causes hundreds of tens of thousands of
  people are displaced
• 2007
• UN says more than 320,000 Somalis have fled
  fighting in Mogadishu
• Number of Somali refugees hits one million

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Modern Day Somalia Acts of Piracy

• 2008
• Somali pirates' hijack a Ukrainian ship
• The US and other countries deploy navy ships
• Hijack an oil-laden Saudi super-tanker
• Demand a 25m dollar ransom for its return
• 2009
• Pirates seize a supertanker carrying oil from
  Saudi Arabia to the US

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Modern Day Somalia Acts of Piracy

• 2011
• Pirate attacks on ships worldwide hit seven-year
  high in 2010
• Somali pirates accounting for 49 of 52 ships
  seized

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THE END