The Civil War

1
The Civil War
2
Remember these Presidents?

• Andrew Jackson Democrat
• Martin Van Buren Democrat
• William H. Harrison Whig
• James Tyler Whig
• James K. Polk Democrat
• Zachary Taylor Whig (died)
• Millard Fillmore Whig
• Franklin Pierce Democrat
• James Buchanan - Democrat

3
Who is this Lincoln guy?

• Before 1860 Abraham Lincoln was most famous for
  losing an election to the Senate and his debates
  with Douglas the Little Giant
• Lincoln made Douglas look like a defender of
  slavery and the Dred Scott decision
• Douglas made Lincoln look like an abolitionist
  and someone who was for racial equality

4
The Straw that broke the Camels Back.

• Lincoln wins the Presidential Election of 1860
  and the South acts quickly!
• Lincoln is seen as an enemy and they called for
  secession!
• By March, Lincolns inauguration, 7 states had
  left the Union

5
First Shots at Fort Sumter, SC

• Lincoln did not want to start the war
• Sent food to the hungry men
• Davis fires on the fort
• 1st shot of the Civil War
• Virginia secedes

6
South Secedes

• Virginia is the most populous state
• By May, North Carolina, Arkansas Tennessee
  joins the Confederacy
• 11 states
• West Virginia secedes from Virginia and joins
  Union 1863
• Joins the Union Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky,
  Delaware

7
America Expects a short warboth sides thought it
would be over in a few weeks

• Union Strategies
• Men
• factories
• Railroad
• Food
• War of attrition
• Lincoln was a patient and decisive leader
• ANACONDA PLAN blockade the southern ports to
  split Confederacy

• Confederate strategies
• King Cotton
• 1st ranked Generals
• Home field advantage
• Obstacles
• civilian leaders poor
• states rights obstinate

8
Bull Run

• July 21, 1861
• Lincoln ordered 30 thousand green troops to take
  Confederate capital Richmond
• Union encounters a green Southern Army
• See saw battle
• Stonewall Jackson helps South win 1st battle
• South did not pursue the Northern retreat
• Many Southerners thought they had won the war and
  went home!

9
Stonewall Jackson

• This famous nickname was first given to Jackson
  by General Bernard Bee on the battlefield at
  First Manassas on July 21, 1861. It refers to
  Jackson's steadfastness in the face of the enemy.
  Jackson's demeanor inspired Bee (a friend from
  Jackson's years at West Point) to shout to his
  troops, "Look, men, there is Jackson standing
  like a stone wall! Let us determine to die here,
  and we will conquer!"Jackson's troops also
  referred to him as "Old Jack."

10
Union Armies

• Lincoln calls for 500,000 troops
• 3 year enlistment
• General McClellan heads the Army of the Potomac
• Camped near Washington
• In the East the battles are for the capitals at
  Richmond and DC

• Union forces in West fighting for control of
  Mississippi
• Feb. 1862 Ulysses S. Grant invades and takes two
  Confederate forts Fort Henry on the Tennessee
  River Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River

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Ulysses S. Grant

• West Point graduate bottom of class
• Failed at most civilian life jobs bill
  collector, farmer, store clerk, real estate
  agent!
• Brave and tough decisive military commander
• Shatters the myth of southern invincibility
• Unconditional Surrender Grant

12
Shiloh

• March of 1862 Grant had troops near a small
  Tennessee church Shiloh close to Mississippi
  border
• April 6, thousands of Confederate troops
  surprised Union forces
• Grant reorganized troops counterattacked and had
  Confederate forces in retreat
• Lessons learned send out scouts, dig trenches,
  and build fortifications
• 100,000 men fought ¼ dies, injured or captured
• Bloody, Bloody War

13
Farragut on the Lower Mississippi

• David Farragut, 60 year old Naval Commander, took
  40 ships up Mississippi River past 2 Confederate
  Forces. His job was to seize New Orleans
• Captures New Orleans
• Between Farragut and Grant the Union plan to
  split the Confederacy in half is almost done

14
Revolution in Warfare

• http//sanctuaries.noaa.gov/pgallery/m_now.html
• http//www.monitorcenter.org/

• Ironclads
• Rifle - backload
• Minie ball soft lead bullet
• Hand grenades
• Land mines

15
War for the Capitals2 parts of the Unions 3
part plan going well except McClellan taking
RichmondLincoln says borrow his army if he is
not going to use it!

• McClellan moves army down Potomac to Chesapeake
  Bay
• McClellan takes on Robert E. Lee 7 Days Battles
• Lee, whose army lost more men, scares McClellan
  from his objective - Richmond

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Antietam

• Robert E. Lee crosses Potomac to take D.C. in the
  Union state of Maryland
• McClellan finds Lees orders wrapped around some
  cigars!
• The orders revealed that Jacksons and Lees
  armies were separated
• Bloodiest single day battle in Americas history
• 26,000 dead
• Cautious McClellan does not pursue Lees army
  back into Virginia
• November 7, 1862 Lincoln fires McClellan the
  slows
• This battle gave Lincoln the political power to
  issue the Emancipation Proclamation 5 days later!

17
Antietam Photos

• http//www.nps.gov/archive/anti/photos/Hist_photos
  .htm
• http//www.civilwaralbum.com/antietam/antietam_pan
  1.htm

18
Britain remains Neutral

• Britain gets cotton from India and Egypt.
• Southern cotton is no longer King Cotton!

19
Great Britain during the War

• Trent Incident
• Confederacy sends two men to Britain to get
  Recognition
• Union arrests two men and Britain threatens war
• Britain sends troops to Canada
• Lincoln frees men

• Alabama Claims
• Britain supplied Confederacy with ships
• Alabama sank or captured 64 American merchant
  vessels
• US claims 19 million in damages
• 1872 International tribunal gave US 15.5 million
  dollars

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Emancipation Proclamation

• All persons with slaves within any State or
  designated part of a State the people whereof
  shall then be in rebellion against the United
  States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
  free.And upon this act, sincerely believed to be
  an act of justice..

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Northern Abolitionists push for an end to slavery
• Lincoln disliked slavery
• Goal to save Union
• Uses war powers to free SOUTHERN slaves
• This discourages great Britain from helping the
  South

• Free slaves in seceding states
• Slave states in Union not affected
• Territory in US hands not affected by
  proclamation
• Moral not just political

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Reactions to the Proclamation

• DC rejoiced
• Blacks could now enlist in the Army
• Democrats believed it prolonged war and gave
  southerners a cause
• Confederate States went wild!
• War was now a war to the death South was
  fighting for their way of life!

23
Dealing with Dissent

• Lincoln suspended habeas corpus
• 13,000 Southern sympathizers held w/o being
  charged - riots
• Lincoln seized telegraph offices ignored
  Supreme Court
• Copperheads Northern democrats who wanted peace
  with south arrested
• Lincoln set a precedent in wartime expanding
  powers
• Jefferson Davis suspended habeas corpus in the
  South

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Conscriptiondraft

• Both North and South passed conscription laws
  casualties and desertion
• Confederates all men 18-35 then 17 -50!
• Union 20-45 for 3 years 300.00 to enlist.
  Bounty on Jumpers
• Draft riots in NYC Irish
• 4 days July 13-16 riots, lynching
• Burned a black orphanage

25
Political Problems

• Problem
• Slavery
• Dissent
• Shortages of soldiers

• Solution
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Suspension of Habeas Corpus
• Conscription

26
Gettysburg day 1

• Barefoot Confederate troops marched towards
  Gettysburg b/c they thought there was a supply of
  footwear.
• Confederates ran into Union Cavalry led by John
  Buford
• Buford ordered his men to take defensive
  positions on the hills surrounding the town
• Shooting began and attracted more soldiers

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Gettysburg day 2

• July 2,
• Confederate General Longstreet attacked Cemetery
  Ridge
• Colonel Chamberlain led his Maine troops to meet
  the Rebels
• Ran out of ammo led a bayonet charge
• Chamberlain held Little Round Top,

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Gettysburg day 3

• Lee orders an attack at the middle of the Union
  line battle could be heard in Pittsburg
• Lee orders Pickett to charge the line Union
  held
• Union General Meade did not order a counter
  attack

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Gettysburg - COPY

• Union and Confederate Army fought near
  Gettysburg, PA
• Union General Meade held the high ground
• Lee gave up all hope of invading the North
• Union lost 23,000 men killed/wounded
• Confederates lost 28,000 troops
• Stench unbearable July heat!

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The End is near

• U.S. Grant forces the surrender of the
  Confederates at Vicksburg, Mississippi
• Confederates were starving and they petitioned
  their commander to surrender
• Confederacy was split in two!

• Gettysburg Address November, 1863
• Ceremony to dedicate the cemetery
• Lincoln gave a two minute speech
• United States are to United States is..

31
Appomattox, Virginia

• Grant and Lee battle in Virginia
• Commander Sherman takes Atlanta and turns North
  to help Grant
• Lincoln is re-elected in 1864
• April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met at the Appomattox
  Court House
• At Lincolns request terms were generous why?
• Grant paroled Lees soldiers, sent them home with
  possessions, horses and three days rations

32
War is Over!