Repetition In Translation

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Repetition In Translation

• The Purposes of Repetition
• 1)enhance the force of expression
• 2)vividness of expression
• 3)clarity of expression
• Ex.1. A more realistic approach toward
  international specialization is that (the
  approach) of comparative advantage. This concept
  ( comparative advantage) says that a nation has a
  comparative advantage in an item ( product) if it
  can produce it more effectively than alternative
  (other) products.
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????,?????????????????

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• 2. Over the last decade, the use of countertrade
  in international commerce has become more
  widespread. The practice is emerging as a vehicle
  for financing capital projects and
  production-sharing ventures, for ensuring the
  repatriation of profits from investments in
  countries beset by external debt and hard
  currency shortages, and for competitive bidding
  on major nonmilitary government procurements.
• 3. Marketing is a pervasive social activity that
  goes considerably beyond the selling of
  toothpaste, soap, and steel.
• 4. Needs are the basic, often instinctive, human
  forces that motivate a person to do something.

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• 5. Most notably, China has avoided the large
  output declines and severe macroeconomic
  instability that have tended to characterize the
  transition experiences in central and eastern
  Europe and the former Soviet Union.
• 6. As each currencys value is stated in terms of
  other currencies, French francs, then have a
  value in US dollars, which have a value in
  British pounds, which have a value in Japanese
  yen.

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Differences
Between English Chinese

• English Ways of Avoiding Repetition
• 1.The use of anaphora Using pronouns to avoid
  repetition
• e.g. I met John on the street yesterday. He was
  walking beside his sister. They were going to
  see a film.
• Mary is standing at the door, with her hand
  in her pocket.
• 2.The use of other words Using category words,
  synonymous words etc to avoid repetition
• e.g.The monkeys most extraordinary feat was
  learning to operate a tractor. By the age of
  nine, this remarkable animal had learned to drive
  the vehicle single-handed.
• Changing words is a main feature in written
  English especially in news English. When a proper
  word is used, a language may appear new in
  expression. For example, the television set may
  have the alternatives like the TV, telly, the
  tube, the goggle-box, the idiot, etc.

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• 3.The use of substitution Using substitutes or
  substitutive patterns to avoid repetition
• e.g. What kind of textbooks do you want? The ones
  with illustrations or the ones without.
• A Ill have a new pair of rubber shoes, please.
• B Ill have the same but with black laces.
• He was ambitious, but his sister was even more
  so. She wanted to become a great film-star.
• A Hell arrive before six.
• B That seems too early.
• Subject do pattern,

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• So/neither/nor be/have /do subject pattern
• Subject appear/fear seem, expect, hope,
  believe, say, suppose,
• think, wish, claim, tell so/not pattern
• other means
• He might be wrong. If not, why was he in such low
  spirits?
• We have to hand in a book report every month, and
  that( have to hand in the report) always
  promptly and in English.
• In modern English a verb is often used as a noun,
  and vice versa. ( and a noun is often used as a
  verb )
• 4.The use of omission
• I like strong tea, I suppose weak is better for
  you. (Omit the noun tea)
• They are not known to retreat. They never have
  and never will. ( omit the verb retreat)
• A Would you like to go with me.
• B Yes, Id like to. (omit the infinitive verb
  phrase)

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• 5.Reserve the preposition
• e.g.We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of
  the journey, of the weather, of each
  other------of everything but our host and
  hostess. (to avoid the repetition of verb talk)
• Discipline is indispensable to victory in
  war, to success in our work, and indeed, to the
  realization of our lofty goal. (to avoid the
  repetition of adjective indispensable)
• They continue to observe the principle of
  depending on their own efforts as well as of
  being thrifty in everything.
• 6.Combination
• e.g. He was particularly interested in the
  articles on and by Lu Xun.
• e.g.She was accepted not because of but in spite
  of her birth.

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Repetition in Chinese

• Repetition is a remarkable feature in Chinese for
  the sakes of sound, grammar and rhetoric effect.
• In Chinese, ? is often replaced by original
  word or demonstrative pronoun a chain sentence
  is used to realize repetition the alternative
  question sentence employs repetition Chinese
  uses short sentences to express complicated
  meaning, so some time repetition has to be used
  to connect the sentences or by means of inherent
  coherence of the meaning.

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• ??????????????
• ?????????????,????????
• ????,????,?????????,??????

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Conclusion

• To get a very expressive translation, we have to
  follow the TT custom. In English Chinese
  translation, we first should be aware of the
  differences between English and Chinese in using
  words and sentence structure. English tries to
  avoid repeating t the same word and expression to
  reach vividness in expression while Chinese tries
  to repeat in order to enhance expression, the
  clarity of the meaning and rhetoric effect. So
  repetition is very effective in E-C translation.