Colonization

1
Colonization Conflict in the South, 1600-1750

• Chapter 3

2
Colonization and Conflict, 1600-1750

• Spain in North America
• England in the Chesapeake
• Crisis in the Chesapeake
• Changing Chesapeake Society
• The Caribbean to the Carolinas

3
Issues to Consider

• Compare and contrast French, British, and Spanish
  colonialism
• Native peoples and strategies of survival and
  resistance
• Different labor systems
• Cultural mixture and blending
• Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade
• Deepening dependence on slavery in the south

4
Spain in North America

• Issues and Questions
• Goals of Spanish empire?
• Main institutions?
• Labor systems?
• Relations with native people?

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Onates Trail and Present Day NM
7
Spain and New Mexico

• Native peoples throughout the region (Puebloan
  peoples)
• Agriculture and little rain
• Densely populated communities
• Coronados failed expeditions
• Spain wanted permanent colonies
• Don Juan de Onate
• Miscalculated proximity of NM to Pacific Ocean
• Route northward 1598

8
Spanish Institutions

• Presidios (Military/State)
• Explore
• Trade
• Defend
• Subdue Indians
• -Onate 1590, Acoma
• Missions (Church)
• Franciscans Jesuits
• Conversion
• Indian Labor

9
Spanish Colonial Labor

• Encomienda
• -Tribute labor given to an encomendero
• Repartimiento
• -Guaranteed Indian labor to Spanish for public
  projects
• Rescate
• -Ransomed Indian captives worked for Spanish

10
Spanish Borderlands

• Missions and military presidios by 1700s

11
The Pueblo Revolt, 1680

• The mid 1600s
• Religion
• Environment
• Native divisions
• Labor

12
Pedro Naranjo

• Who was Pedro Naranjo?
• Why was he speaking with Spaniards?
• Had Pueblos previously rebelled?
• What factors led to the Revolt?
• How did the Spanish refer to Pueblo religious
  leaders, culture and traditions?
• How did Pueblos plan and implement the Revolt?
• What were the goals of the Revolt?
• What does this Revolt tell you about Indigenous
  views of European conquest?

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Scope of the Revolt

• Taos Pueblo
• Spread
• Destruction
• Area
• Impact

• Pope
• Franciscans
• Spanish retreat
• Tiguas
• Expelled Spanish
• 1692/3

15
Significance?

• Largest revolt in North America
• Longest rebellion
• Expelled Spanish
• Spanish accommodated after 1692 reconquista of
  De Vargas
• Divisions among Pueblos
• Ysleta del Sur

16
Taos today
17
Main Themes of British Colonization

• Mercantilism
• Late Arrivals
• Violence and Indians
• Social stratification
• Land, colonize, exclude
• Experience with Ireland

18

• British Colonies on the Eastern Coast

19
The English in the Chesapeake

• Mercantilism
• The state/crown helps improve trade between
  British chartered businesses and foreign groups
• Fueled search for colonies, as domestic
  producers and suppliers of raw materials.
  Avoided the need for trade disputes and
  importation
• Joint Stock Company
• Investors pooled money and bought stock or
  part of a business, received a share of
  profit if successful.

20
The English in the Chesapeake

• Virginia Company
• Jamestown, VA
• Headright System
• If you paid for people (a head) to come with you,
  you received land
• Indentures
• Poor workers sold labor (contract) in exchange
  for travel to colonies

21
Jamestown, VA

• Jamestown settlers in 1607
• Military, not farmers
• Capt. John Smith
• Almost died 1609/10
• Head right System

22
Jamestown, VA
23
British-Native Relations

• Powhatan Confederacy
• Wahunsunacock
• A. 14,000 people
• B. Colonists stole corn
• C. Diseases
• D. Expanded onto
• Powhatan land
• E. Attacked in 1609-13

24
Pocahontas

• British Captured and held her hostage
• Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married
• John Rolfe
• --Allegedly saved John Smith several times
• Renamed Rebecca, but died in 1617

25
Native Responses

• Opechancanough (brother of Powhatan)
• -Warfare through 1620s
• -Destroyed Virginia Co.
• -Colonists kept coming
• -Patterns of conflict

26
British Chesapeake in Crisis

• Growth of tobacco / plantation economy
• Newly freed servants wanted land, British changed
  policies and limited freedoms, angered
  ex-servants
• Trespassed Indian lands as they searched for land
• 1676 conflict grew between Indians defending land
  and expanding colony

27
Bacons Rebellion, 1675-6

• Free servants wealthy migrants attacked
• Susquehannocks react
• Nathaniel Bacon
• Attacked Indians
• Rebels against Gov Berkeley and Jamestown, VA
• Slavery of Indians
• Race, region, class

28
A Changing Chesapeake Society

• Shifts from indentured servitude to slavery
• Africans and poor Europeans, fewer Europeans,
  more Africans
• Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade
• Increasing reliance on cash crops such as
  tobacco, sugar, rice, etc

29
Atlantic Slave Trade
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Slavery and RACE

• Color, culture, region merged with labor status
  to create the idea of race
• Europeans said the African race was better
  fitted for hard labor, less intelligent, etc.
• Virginia and other colonies passed slave codes
  enforcing the slavery and slave status of
  Africans

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Atlantic Slave Trade and West Africa
32
The Caribbean to the Carolinas

• British West Indies
• Stepping stone to the Carolinas
• Violence, mortality, slavery
• Sugar cultivation
• Late 1600s / early 1700s
• Strengthened an economy based on slavery

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Comparisons

• Britain
• Late arrivals
• Smaller colonies
• Corporations
• Families
• Exclusive
• Proprietary colonies
• Land and Property

• Spain
• Large Institutions
• Bureaucracy
• Church/state/military
• Encomendero
• Indian Labor
• Mestizo
• Inclusion

34
Conclusions

• Indigenous peoples resisted and cooperated with
  Europeans
• Tension over issues of land, labor, religion
• Early colonial history must take into account the
  relationships between European colonizers and the
  Native People, and the relationships between
  Native people.
• Early years of the slave trade started with
  Indians, moved to indentured servants, and then
  the transatlantic slave trade
• Ties between labor, culture, race