The Age of Religious Wars and Overseas Expansion

1
Chapter 15

• The Age of Religious Wars and Overseas Expansion

2
France in the early 16th Century

• I. Politics, Religion and War
• The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) ended the
  long conflict between the Hapsburgs and the
  Valois.
• Spain was the victor because it acquired the most
  territories.
• To pay for the Hapsburg-Valois wars Francis I
  imposed a land tax (taille)
• Sold government offices creating a tax exempt
  nobility of the robe

3
Concordat of Bologna

• Francis gained power to appoint Bishops, a source
  of offices for Patronage.
• (this demonstrates the centralizing of power of
  monarchs over the clergy)

4
France in Turmoil

• French monarchs in the second half of the 16th
  century were weak.
• French nobles became protestant to try and gain
  independence and wealth
• Catherine de Medici rule her three sons while
  they were in power.
• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre epitomized the
  religious differences.

5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
War of Three Henrys

• Civil War followed after the St. Bartholomews
  Day massacre.
• Ended with King Henry IV converted to Catholicism
  and issued the Edict of Nantes, protecting
  Huguenots.
• Beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in France

8
Revolts in the Netherlands

• Calvinism made rapid success among the wealthy
  merchants. (work ethic)
• Phillip II of Spain appointed his half-sister
  regent to the Netherlands in 1559.
• She raises taxes and brings in the inquisition.
• Calvinists revolted and Phillip sent the Spanish
  army there.
• England aided the Protestants under attack.

Margaret, regent of the Netherlands
9
(No Transcript)
10
Revolt in Spanish Netherlands

• William of Orange Leads the Protestant revolt
  against Phillip.
• Queen Elizabeth sends aid to the Protestants to
  help fight the Catholics.
• This antagonizes Phillip to attack England.
• Phillip has the Escorial built near Madrid
• Phillip sends his Spanish Armada to England in
  1588.

11
Revolt in the Netherlands (1566-1587)

• Phillip creates a grand navy to crush the
  heretics of the north.
• He launches his Spanish Armada in 1588 and is
  defeated by bad weather.
• Turns the tide of Atlantic control. (England)

Phillip II of Spain
12
(No Transcript)
13
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• By the 17th century Calvinists, Lutherans, and
  Catholics were violating the Peace of Augsburg
• H.R.E. Emperor Ferdinand II shuts down Protestant
  churches in Bohemia that starts the war.
• Four Phases of the War
• Bohemian Stage utterly defeated with the help
  of the Spanish
• The Danish Stage - defeated with alliances
  between Denmark, England, and France. ( Ferdinand
  issued the Edict of Restitution)
• The Swedish Stage Gustavus Adolphus led the
  Swedes into Germany with aid from the French
  (came to a draw)
• The French Stage With Adolphus killed the
  French continued to wage war against the
  Hapsburgs.

14
(No Transcript)
15
Austrians raiding a town in Bavaria
16
The Peace of Westphalia

• Recognized the Netherlands as independent
• Made 300 German princes sovereign
• France became the victor because they gained
  Alsace and Loraine from the Hapsburgs.
• Reinforced the Lutheran church but also
  recognized the Calvinist church.
• The 30 Years War was the worst economic and
  social disaster for Germany suffered before the
  20th century.

17
(No Transcript)
18
Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion

• Explorers Motives
• God, gold, and glory
• Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers
• The Crusading drive was one force
• Renaissance curiosity
• Get rich through the spice trade
• Seeking to Christianize Muslims, import gold from
  West Africa
• East was closed by Ottoman- must look for water
  route to Asia.

19
Map of the World 1550
20
Warm Up

• Write an introductory paragraph and thesis
  statement for the following thematic essay
  question in less than 10 minutes.
• In the 15th century Europeans began to explore
  the open seas. What factors contributed to
  this fascination.

21
Technological Advances

• Astrolabe astronomical instrument tool to tell
  distance between star and horizon.
• Cannon
• Magnetic Compass (returns from China with Marco
  Polo)
• New ship
• Caravel, Galleon, and Carrack allows ships to
  sail against the wind by tacking

22
Prince Henry The Navigator (1420)

• A Portuguese Prince that started a school for
  navigation and aided the Age of Exploration.
• Helped Portugal est. trading posts down the coast
  of Africa
• Partly responsible for many voyages (da Gama,
  Magellan, Diaz)

23
(No Transcript)
24
Christopher Columbus

• (1451-1506) Genoese explorer, who discovers the
  Americas, but believes he has found a new route
  around the world to India.

25

• Should Columbus be considered a hero?
• 3 Questions What kind of man was he? What forces
  influenced him? Did he achieve his goals?
• View video 12 men who dared

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
Research Explorers
29
Bartolomeu de Las Casas

• A Priest trying to establish missionaries in the
  new world wrote accounts of the treatment towards
  the Native Americans and the first to defend
  human rights. Encouraged Africans to be used as
  slaves.

30
Results of Exploration

• European rule in the Americas
• Within 50 years 90 of the population of all N.A.
  will be dead.. (Guns, Germs, and Steel)
• Organized territory into 4 viceroyalties.
• Intendants local officials in the new world,
  who got authority from the crown.
• Quinto tax o f 1/5 all gold found in new world,
  went straight to crown
• Mercantalism economic system where the mother
  country trades with colonies and colonies cannot
  trade with anyone else.

31
Fall of Spanish Empire

• A growing population meant more people needed to
  be fed and clothed.
• Gold and silver poured into Seville, (Spain) from
  the New World Antwerp was commercial trading
  center
• Inflation grew rapidly due to the flooding of
  gold and silver.
• Spaniards went into the military or the church.
  A lack of businessman and bankers due to the
  inquisition.
• Nobility suffered due to fixed incomes, merchants
  prospered, and poor fared worst of all.

32

• Colombian Exchange the exchange of plants,
  animals, and diseases between the Old World and
  the New World (hand out)

33
Commercial Revolution

• Influx of gold and silver into Europe
• Rise in capitalism (laissez-faire)
• Joint-Stock companies pooling money together to
  finance trading posts (colonies)
• New industry textile production, mining,
  printing, rice, sugar, tea, ship building
• Mercantalism - economic system where the mother
  country trades with the colonies and the colonies
  are not allowed to trade with other nations.
  Meant to lessen financial dependence on other
  European Nations.

34
The Economy of the Atlantic Basin 1701
35
Women in the 17th century

• Manuals on marriage and the family place women in
  the home.
• It rejected the double standard of adultery
• Urged marriage to be mutually, respectful and
  trusted.
• Arrangements made by parents are rejected.
• Women are subservient to men still.
• Protestants recognized a mutual right to divorce
  as Catholics did not.

36
The Age of Flesh

• Protestant and Catholic governments licensed
  prostitution.
• With the closing of convents in Protestant
  countries nuns only acceptable occupation was
  marriage.

37
The Great European Witch Hunt

• Witch hunting peaked between 1560-1600 when
  thousands of witches were executed.
• Reasons for the witch hunts.
• Witches explained inexplicable misfortunes
• Communities believed that woman were more
  susceptible to the devil and lavish sexual
  activities.
• Communities persecuted non-comformists.
• Woman were more susceptible to the Devil because
  their sexually insatiable.
• Swiss communities executed 5,417 women between
  1450 and 1700.

38
Witch Craft of the 15 and 1600s
39
What is the message of this quote?
I aim here only at revealing myself, who will
perhaps be different tomorrow, if I learn
something new which changes me. I have no
authority to be believed, nor do I want it,
feeling myself too ill-instructed to instruct
others. Of the Education of Children
40
Literature and Art

• Essay Michel de Montaigne
• A French nobleman who wrote the essay to clarify
  his own thoughts.
• He was a skeptic that rejected the notion that
  any human being knew the absolute truth.
• Also rejected that one culture is superior to
  another in his essay On Cannibals

41
Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature

• Literature and drama flourished in England under
  Elizabeth I and James I
• William Shakespeare
• The King James Bible

42
Baroque art and music
43
Baroque Art (1600-1700)

• Art work that reflects light and shadowing.
• Tries to draw emotions to the viewer.
• Emphasized movement, strong value, contrast, and
  science.
• Leading Baroque artists are Caravaggio, Titian,
  Rubens, and Rembrandt.

44
Baroque Music

• Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
• Grasped the spirit of the day invention,
  tension, and emotion. (not appreciated during his
  time.)