Chapter 14: Wars of Religion

1
Chapter 14 Wars of Religion

• THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

2
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Analyze the illustration on page 509.

3
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• BASIC QUESTION
• What caused the Revolt of the Low Countries, and
  what were the effects of the ensuing war?
• KEY IDEA
• King Philip IIs absolutist governing style and
  fervent Catholicism contributed to unrest in the
  prosperous and independent-minded Low Countries.
  After a Calvinist iconoclastic campaign in the
  Low Countries, Philip II repressed the entire
  region harshly in the Spanish Fury, which
  prompted the Calvinist William of Orange to
  invade against the Spanish. When England entered
  the war, the Low Countries became divided
  permanently between the Calvinist United
  Provinces in the north and the Spanish
  Netherlands in the south. The economy in the
  south was ruined, and Amsterdam became the
  commercial and financial center of Europe.

4
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• Why might religious zealots as well as nobles
  have wanted to throw off the yoke of the Spanish
  monarch?

5
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was Philip IIs lifestyle?
• An ardent Catholic and the most powerful man in
  Europe, he lived a simple and austere lifestyle.
•  
• How did Philip II rule?
• He was an absolute ruler who was very hands-on,
  sending thousands of orders all over the world
  from his small cell.

6
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Philip II behave upon conquering the
  Papal States?
• He was magnanimous and apologized to the Pope for
  needing to invade his territory.
•  
• How were the Low Countries economically?
• They were very prosperous with both a thriving
  agricultural and commercial economy and a
  thriving population.

7
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How successful was naval trade in the Low
  Countries?
• It was very successful some 500 vessels entered
  and left the port of Antwerp each day.
•  
• How was the government in the Low Countries
  unique?
• Each of the seventeen provinces was a state unto
  itself with its own legislature and local
  government. There was a central government in
  Brussels that led the federation only in times of
  trouble.

8
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How was Philip IIs policy toward the Low
  Countries different from that of his father
  Charles V?
• Charles V was fair and evenhanded, tolerating
  Calvinists and Anabaptists. Philip II intended to
  bring absolute rule to the Low Countries.
•  
• What was the political dimension of the rebellion
  in the Low Countries?
• The local nobles did not like the presence of
  the 3000 Spanish soldiers that Philip II had sent
  to guard the border with France.

9
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• What was the religious dimension of the rebellion
  in the Low Countries?
• Philip II intended to impose the Tridentine
  reforms by restructuring the dioceses, which
  upset some Catholic nobles and abbots. Protestant
  civil leaders were wary that Catholicism would be
  forced upon them, and there was a rumor that an
  Inquisition would be established.

10
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Work with a partner to perform a paragraph shrink
  on the paragraph Alba was a superior (p. 514)
  to summarize Phillip IIs reason for a campaign
  against the Low Countries.

11
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• What improper actions did the Duke of Alba take
  toward the Low Countries?
• The Spanish army under the Duke of Alba repressed
  the Low Countries mercilessly their rights were
  ignored, there were summary executions of
  thousands, lands were confiscated, heavy taxes
  were imposed, and trade was brought to a
  standstill.

12
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How was William of Orange a religious chameleon?
• When with Philip II, William was Catholic when
  with German princes, a Lutheran and when
  Calvinism became the prominent religion among the
  Dutch, he was a Calvinist.
•  
• Why did the Duke of Alba think that the campaign
  against William of Oranges invasion was over
  quickly?
• William and his brothers army of German
  mercenaries were driven out of the Low Countries
  quickly.

13
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the Spanish Fury?
• The Spanish army, which had not been paid,
  mutinied and sacked Antwerp, pillaging the city
  and killing over 6000 people.
•  
• What was the consequence of the Spanish Fury?
• Almost everyone in the Low Countries, even
  Catholic leaders, joined the Calvinist William of
  Orange against the Spanish.

14
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• How did Spain win back much of the Low Countries?
  
• Military victories, religious toleration, a
  promise of the restoration of political rights,
  and fear of the Calvinist William of Oranges
  growing power resulted in the ten southern
  provinces remaining loyal to the Spanish crown.

15
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Complete the following table according to the map
  The Revolt of the Low Countries Against Spain
  (p. 516).

16
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)
17
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Perform a focused reading of the section English
  Support and the End of the Conflict (p. 518)
  using the following question
• What effect did England have by entering the war
  on the Protestant side?

18
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 110 (p. 540)
• Practical Exercise 1 (p. 541)
• Workbook Questions 118
• Read The Huguenot Wars through Richelieus
  Influence and Power (pp. 519524)

19
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Write a paragraph about the cause of the Revolt
  of the Low Countries and the effects of the
  ensuing war.

20
1. Spain and the Empire of Philip II (pp.
510518)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Read aloud the Catechism, nos. 2307 and 2308 (p.
  542), and then discuss how the following parties
  in the wars of the Low Countries might respond to
  these points
• Philip II of Spain
• Catholic nobles of Spain
• William of Orange and the Calvinists
• Spanish soldiers
• Queen Elizabeth I of England

21
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Analyze the illustrations on page 520.

22
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• BASIC QUESTION
• What were the cause and effects of the Huguenot
  Wars?
•  
• KEY IDEA
• Three factions strove for political dominance in
  France The House of Guise, a Catholic dynasty
  that had claims to the throne the Huguenots, a
  professional warrior class of landed gentry who
  adopted Calvinism largely as a pretext to protest
  the king and the politiques, rulers out for
  political power, the most noted of which were
  Catherine de Medici and Cardinal Richelieu. The
  Huguenot Wars were bloody civil wars their
  result was increased power for the monarch and
  the elimination of Calvinists from French
  society.

23
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How was conversion from Catholicism to Calvinism
  largely a pretext for many of the French landed
  gentry?
• Many of the landed gentry became Protestant to
  distinguish themselves from their Catholic
  monarchs. Religious belief had little to do with
  any political group in France.
•  
• What factors made the Tridentine reforms
  difficult to implement in France?
• The Popes had very little prestige or authority
  in France.

24
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did the populace tend to side with the king
  over the lords of France?
• The king represented a power to which people
  could appeal to seek redress from local lords,
  who in some regions had nearly absolute
  authority.
•  
• What was the political thrust of Francis IIs
  short rule?
• His uncles, who dominated the teenage king,
  maintained Catholicism as the only licit religion
  in France and thus persecuted Huguenots.

25
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How is it clear that Catherine de Medicis only
  real concern was political power?
• To offset the power of the Guise family,
  Catherine appointed Huguenots to positions of
  power and tried to arrange marriages for her
  children with Protestant leaders, including Queen
  Elizabeth I, as well as a marriage for her
  daughter with the Catholic King of Spain.
•  
• What set a civil war in motion in France?
• The assassination of Francis, Duke of Guise,
  resulted in a Catholic-Huguenot civil war.

26
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Complete the following table about the French
  factions.

27
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)
28
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the immediate effect of the St.
  Bartholomews Day Massacre?
• Catholics murdered Admiral Coligny and
  perhaps 2000 Protestant leaders and supporters.
•  
• How did the violence spread during the next few
  weeks?
• Catholic mobs and the Kings Swiss Guards killed
  up to 100,000 Calvinists throughout France.

29
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did both parties respond to the violence
  following the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre?
• Each party hired mercenary soldiers who
  slaughtered each other and terrorized civilians.
  Some 20,000 Catholic churches were looted and
  destroyed, and thousands of priests and religious
  were massacred.
•  
• Why were so many of the Huguenot leaders in Paris
  at the time of the St. Bartholomews Day
  Massacre?
• They were in Paris to attend the wedding of Henry
  of Navarre, a Huguenot, to Margaret, a daughter
  of Catherine de Medici.

30
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What rumor did Catherine de Medici start?
• A Protestant insurrection was being planned in
  Paris.
•  
• How did Catholic supporters react to this rumor?
• They carried out a preemptive counterattack.

31
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who were the three Henrys?
• King Henry III of France was the youngest son of
  Catherine de Medici he wanted to tolerate
  Protestants for the sake of peace. Henry of
  Guise, founder of the Catholic League, demanded
  the suppression of Protestants. Henry of Navarre,
  a Huguenot, was an heir to the French throne.
•  
• What was the fate of the three Henrys?
• King Henry III and Henry of Navarre orchestrated
  the assassination of Henry of Guise, and then
  King Henry III was assassinated. This left Henry
  of Navarre heir to the throne.

32
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Henry of Navarre convert from Calvinism
  to Catholicism?
• It was a legal requirement to ascend to the
  throne. He is reputed to have said, Paris is
  well worth a Mass.
•  
• Who ruled France during the minority of
  Louis XIII?
• Cardinal Richelieu ruled France.

33
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was Cardinal Richelieus goal?
• He wanted to centralize the government of France
  and advance the power of the monarchy by
  fostering religious unity and promoting
  anti-Hapsburg policies.
•  
• How did Cardinal Richelieu seek to achieve his
  goal?
• He helped France recover financially from the
  civil wars by encouraging a mercantile economy
  and overseas exploration, destroyed all fortified
  castles not under the king, and rolled back the
  rights that Protestants had been granted by the
  Edict of Nantes.

34
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Discuss the rights that Protestants gained
  through the Edict of Nantes. Write them in your
  notebook.

35
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 1119 (p. 540)
• Practical Exercise 2 (p. 541)
• Workbook Questions 1933
• Read The British Isles through St. John
  Ogilvie (pp. 525530)

36
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Write a paragraph in response to the following
  question
• What was the outcome of the Huguenot Wars?

37
2. The Huguenot Wars (pp. 519524)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Analyze the illustration on page 509, titled
  The St. Bartholomews Day Massacre. Reinterpret
  the painting in light of what you know about the
  Huguenot Wars.

38
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Analyze the illustration of Queen Elizabeth Is
  Armada Portrait (p. 529), and then read the
  speech that Elizabeth gave to her troops before
  they battled the Spanish Armada, which was
  sailing to invade England.

39
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• BASIC QUESTION
• How did the British Isles become the major
  European Protestant power during the latter half
  of the sixteenth century?
•  
• KEY IDEA
• Elizabeth I contained and eliminated any real or
  imaginary threat her cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of
  Scots, posed to her rule. Elizabeth encouraged or
  engaged in persecution of Catholics in Scotland,
  England, and Ireland and was fortunate to have
  avoided an invasion from Philip II of Spain. As a
  result, England emerged from the sixteenth
  century as the major defender of Protestantism in
  Europe.

40
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What role did England play to spread
  Protestantism in Europe?
• England was the major defender of Protestantism
  in the latter half of the sixteenth century,
  influencing the balance of power in the Low
  Countries, France, and the German States in her
  favor.
•  
• How did Protestantism arise in Scotland?
• Many nobles sought to enrich themselves and gain
  political power by seizing Scottish churches and
  monasteries, which was encouraged by Elizabeth I.

41
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who was the major Calvinist figure in Scotland?
• John Knox was a Calvinist preacher who encouraged
  violence against Catholics and iconoclastic
  attacks on churches and monasteries.
•  
• What did Elizabeth I hope to accomplish by
  prohibiting the Catholic Faith?
• She hoped that Catholics would either convert to
  Anglicanism or die out.
•  
• What steps did Elizabeth take when Catholics
  resisted her?
• She increased the severity of penal laws against
  Catholics, finally decreeing that the practice of
  the Catholic Faith or adherence to Rome was
  treason, punishable by death.

42
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was Douay, and who was its most famous
  product?
• Douay was an English seminary in the Spanish
  Netherlands to train priests for the Catholic
  Church in England. St. Edmund Campion was a young
  Anglican who abandoned a promising career after
  converting to Catholicism. He trained at Douay
  and joined the Jesuits. He returned to England in
  secret to minister to the underground Catholic
  Church. He was eventually arrested and then
  tortured and martyred.

43
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Write a paragraph on how Mary, Queen of Scots,
  was an unfortunate figure.

44
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• Why might Philip II have been offended by England?

45
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Work with a partner to complete a paragraph
  shrink of the paragraph The planned invasion
  (p. 529).

46
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Elizabeth I hope to accomplish in
  Ireland?
• She wanted to exterminate the Catholic Faith
  there.
•  
• What are some tactics she employed to this end?
• She abolished the Gaelic language, sent
  Protestant overlords to control agriculture, and
  destroyed the crops and livestock in rebellious
  areas.

47
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the effect of the English persecution of
  Catholics in Ireland?
• The persecution of the Irish Catholics simply
  deepened their faith.
•  
• How did St. John Ogilvie become acquainted with
  Catholicism?
• He studied at Louvain, where Catholic and
  Calvinist scholars often debated religion.

48
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did St. John Ogilvie do upon his return to
  Scotland?
• St. John returned to Scotland as a Jesuit priest
  he ministered to Catholics and won back some
  converts.
•  
• Why was St. John Ogilvie tortured before he was
  hanged?
• He refused to give the names of other Catholics
  he knew.

49
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 2026 (p. 540)
• Practical Exercise 3 (p. 541)
• Workbook Questions 3444
• Read The Thirty Years War through Conclusion
  (pp. 531 537)

50
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes on how the British
  Isles became thoroughly Protestant during the
  sixteenth century, focusing on Scotland, England,
  or Ireland.

51
3. The British Isles (pp. 525530)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Discuss the following question
• Was Elizabeth I justified in persecuting
  Catholics given the historical circumstances in
  which she found herself?

52
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Explain the Objective of this lesson.

53
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• BASIC QUESTION
• Why was the Thirty Years War fought, and what was
  its outcome?
•  
• KEY IDEA
• The Thirty Years War began with the outrage of
  Protestant Bohemian nobles to the appointment of
  the Hapsburg Catholic Ferdinand of Styria as
  successor to the Holy Roman emperor Mattihas, who
  was also the King of Bohemia. It was fought
  through a series of four phases in which, on the
  one hand, Calvinist, Lutheran, and Catholic
  principalities fought each other, and on the
  other, France, England, Spain, Denmark, and
  Sweden contended on neutral German soil. France
  emerged from the war as the dominant European
  power. Germany was both devastated and disunited,
  although Catholic and Protestant regions were
  established for many years.

54
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How was the fate of Germany different from that
  of the rest of the European states by the end of
  the Thirty Years War?
• Whereas most nations emerged from the wars of
  religion as powerful nation-states, the German
  states were left as a collection of small,
  disunited kingdoms.
•  
• Who waged the Thirty Years War?
• It was waged by independent German princes who
  resisted the growing imperial designs of the
  Austrian Hapsburgs.

55
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What had the Peace of Augsburg accomplished
  in 1555?
• It divided Germany between Lutheran princes in
  the north and Catholic in the south.
•  
• What did Lutherans in Germany have to worry about
  in the early seventeenth century?
• They were losing power to Calvinists.

56
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How was Catholic reform in southern Germany?
• St. Peter Canisiuss Catechism of Trent and the
  preaching of Capuchin friars and Jesuits resulted
  in the return of thousands to the Catholic Faith.
  
•  
• What prompted the Thirty Years War?
• Phillip III launched a campaign from
  Spanish-controlled Burgundy into the Netherlands,
  attempting to defeat the Calvinists in one blow.

57
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the Defenestration of Prague?
• This event usually marks the beginning of the
  Thirty Years War. Two emissaries of the Holy
  Roman emperor were thrown out a window
  (defenestrated) in outrage over the results of
  choosing the new king.
•  
• Who were the main opponents in the Bohemian Phase
  of the war?
• Ferdinand II, a Catholic supported by the Pope
  and Spain, fought Frederick V, a Protestant
  supported by the Dutch and English.

58
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the outcome of the Bohemian Phase?
• Ferdinand II defeated Frederick V.
•  
• Why did the Danish Phase of the war break out?
• The king of Denmark, Christian IV, wanted to stop
  the Catholic resurgence and extend Danish
  influence over northern Europe.

59
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who was Wallenstein?
• This Protestant Bohemian noble, a politique,
  stood to gain from helping the Catholic emperor.
  He raised an army for Ferdinand and defeated the
  Bohemian rebels, enriching himself on the lands
  taken from Protestant nobles.
•  
• What was the character of Wallensteins Catholic
  army?
• They were an unruly but successful private army
  whose soldiers pillaged for pay.

60
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the result of the Danish Phase of the
  war?
• This was another Catholic victory, cementing
  Germany under Frederick IIs control.
•  
• What was the effect of Wallensteins advances on
  Lutherans and Calvinists?
• With the Protestant Reformation in danger of
  being undone, these former enemies united their
  efforts to resist the Catholics.

61
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did a Catholic cardinal support Protestants
  in the Swedish Phase?
• Cardinal Richelieu wanted to check the power of
  Ferdinand II.
•  
• Why did Sweden enter the war?
• The Swedish king Gustavus Adolfus wanted to
  control the Baltic region and incorporate
  northern Germany into his Swedish empire.

62
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Complete the following table according to the map
  The Thirty Years War in Germany (p. 534).

63
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)
64
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Complete the following table according to the map
  After the Warsthe Catholic Recovery (p. 535).

65
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)
66
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• How did the Treaty of Westphalia make France the
  dominant power in Europe?

67
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why was Sweden successful initially in the third
  phase of the war?
• Gustavus Adolfus had the quickest and most
  advanced army on the continent, and he defeated
  the forces of Ferdinand II, who had removed
  Wallenstein.
•  
• What was the ultimate, underlying cause of the
  war in Germany?
• It was an international battleground in which
  Spain and France vied for power, giving little
  care for Germany.

68
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• What were the effects of the French phase of the
  war?
• Germany experienced economic and political chaos.
  Horrible atrocities resulted 300,000 soldiers
  killed and millions dead from malnutrition and
  disease, including three-quarters of the
  peasantry. Germany was divided into hundreds of
  tiny principalities surrounded by powerful
  nation-states.

69
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
• Study Questions 2733 (p. 540)
• Workbook Questions 4561

70
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes on how the Thirty
  Years War affected Germany. Compare the results
  of the Thirty Years War with such tragic events
  as the Black Death or modern wars such as World
  War I or World War II.

71
4. The Thirty Years War (pp. 531537)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Discuss how Pope Bl. John Paul IIs prayer
  (cf. p. 510) might apply especially to the Thirty
  Years War.

72
THE END