Chapter 4: Empires of India

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Chapter 4 Empires of India China

• Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism
• Section 2 Powerful Empires of India
• Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life
• Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China
• Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• Summary
• India was the birthplace of two major religions
• 1.) Hinduism
• 2.) Buddhism

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• Hinduism and Buddhism are two very important
  religions that developed in ancient India
• They both influenced Indian civilization

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• Hinduism is one of the most complex religions in
  the world
• Unlike most major religions, Hinduism has no
  single founder

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• Hinduism also has many sacred texts, instead of
  just one
• Hinduism has developed and changed for over 3,500
  years
• Many different groups have added their own
  beliefs and gods

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• To a Hindu, different gods are forms of an
  all-powerful spiritual force
• The goal of life is to become one with this force
• Hindus believe that it is hard to achieve this
  goal in one lifetime, therefore, people are
  reincarnated many times

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• Reincarnation is the rebirth of the soul in
  another bodily form
• Hinduism is the most widely practiced religion in
  India today

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, or
  Buddha, was born about 566 B.C.
• After studying and reflecting, he believed he had
  found the cure for human suffering
• Buddha taught that people must free themselves
  from desires

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• Buddha urged people to live a moral life and
  avoid evil words and actions
• Through meditation, a person might achieve
  enlightenment, or understanding

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Four Noble Truths 1. All of life is suffering.2.
Suffering is caused by desire 3. Suffering can
be eliminated.4. Suffering is eliminated by
following the Noble Eightfold Path.
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Noble Eightfold Path 1. Right beliefs2. Right
aspirations3. Right speech4. Right conduct5.
Right livelihood6. Right effort7. Right
mindfulness8. Right meditation
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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism

• Buddha attracted many followers
• After his death, missionaries spread his
  teachings across many parts of Asia
• Although Buddhism took root in other parts of
  Asia, it slowly declined in India

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Section 1 Hinduism Buddhism
Hinduism
Buddhism
-No 1 founder -Supported Caste System -Developed
over 3,500 years -Important in India today
-Told people to live moral lives -Accepted
reincarnation -Goal was union with an
all-powerful spiritual force
-Founded by Buddha -Rejected Caste
System -Important in Asia, but few followers in
India today
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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• Summary
• Two great empires, the Maurya and the Gupta,
  flourished in Ancient India

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• In 321 B.C., the Mauryas conquered most of
  northern and southern India
• They built the first Indian empire
• The Maurya Dynasty set up a strong government
• Officials collected taxes and managed road
  building
• People sought justice in royal courts

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• Maurya rule was often harsh, and brutal secret
  police reported problems to the emperor
• After almost 150 years, the empire declined

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• Fierce rivalries, geography, and distance made it
  difficult to keep India united
• In spite of conflicts, by 100 B.C. India had
  become a center of world trade
• Merchants traded in fine cloth, jewels, and
  spices with faraway civilizations such as China
  and Egypt

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• About 500 years after the Mauryas, the Gupta
  Dynasty again united much of India
• This empire also had a strong government

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• The Gupta period was a Golden Age, a time of
  peace and prosperity, or wealth
• Under the Guptas, advances were made in the arts
  and sciences
• Building, painting, and literature flourished

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• Mathematicians invented the number system we use
  today as well as the decimal system

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India

• Gupta doctors used herbs to cure sick people
• They performed plastic surgery and vaccinated
  people against small pox
• The Gupta empire lasted for over 200 years, then
  it too declined

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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India
Empire Maurya Gupta
Dates 321 B.C.-185 B.C. A.D. 320-550
Location Northern Southern India Northern India
Government -Harsh rule -Organized Gov. -Officials collected Taxes -Mild rule -Organized Gov.
Learning -Schools Libraries in capital -Missionaries spread Buddhism -Golden Age of learning -Number system we use today -Decimal system -Plastic surgery -Vaccines
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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life

• Summary
• The three important parts of Indian life were the
  Caste system, villages, and the family

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• The Caste System began in early Aryan times
• By Gupta times, there were many castes
• Caste was linked to Hindu beliefs
• People in different castes were considered
  different types of beings

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• Caste rules developed to prevent mixing among
  groups
• These rules determined where people lived, what
  they ate, and what jobs they did
• High castes had more status than low castes

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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life

• People believed that Karma determined their caste
• Karma refers to all of the actions of a persons
  life that affect his or her next life

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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life

• Living by caste rules meant that a person would
  be born into a higher caste in his or her next
  life
• Although the Caste System might seem unfair to
  us, it created a stable society

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• In India, the village was the center of everyday
  life
• A village was made up of a group of homes
  surrounded by fields
• Most people farmed and depended on summer
  monsoons for water
• Together, farmers built irrigation systems to
  control monsoon rains

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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life

• A village was left alone as long as it paid taxes
  to the rulers of the region
• A local headman and council made decisions and
  led the village

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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life

• In the village people lived in joint families
• Parents, children, and grandparents lived
  together
• Joint families created unity and security

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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life

• The oldest male was head of the household, but
  property belonged to the whole family
• Every family member had certain duties according
  to caste values

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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life
The Caste System
Karma determines Caste
In this life
In next life
Higher Caste
If good obeys Caste rules
A person is born into a Caste
Lower Caste
If bad breaks Caste rules
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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• Summary
• Three schools of thought
• 1.) Confucianism
• 2.) Legalism
• 3.) Daoism
• Influenced the Chinese people

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• The late Zhou Dynasty was a troubled time in
  China
• There were many wars, and economic and social
  changes disrupted everyday life
• Thinkers looked for way to make society better

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• Chinas most important thinker was Confucius
• Confucius taught people to accept their place in
  society
• He said that older people were superior to
  younger people
• Husbands were superior to wives
• Respect for parents was the most important duty

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• Confucius taught that people were good
• Honesty, hard work, and caring promoted harmony
• He believed a ruler should set a good example for
  the people
• Rulers should take advice from educated men
• Thus, education became a way to advance in
  Chinese society

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• Another thinker, Hanfeizi, believed that people
  were bad
• He taught that a good ruler should use strict
  laws and harsh punishments
• The teachings of Hanfeizi are called Legalism
• Many rulers used the ideas of Legalism to help
  them rule

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• A third Chinese ruler was Laozi
• His teachings were called Daoism
• Daoists wanted to live in harmony with nature
• To Daoists the best government was the one that
  governed least

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China

• The ideas of these three thinkers influenced
  Chinese life
• Confucianism taught people how to behave
• Legalism punished those who would not do their
  duty
• Daoism affected peoples view of nature
• Chinese ideas and beliefs were spread to Japan,
  Korea, and Vietnam

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Section 4 Philosophy Religion in China
Superior Ruler, father, husband, elder brother
Owes loyalty obedience to
Takes care of and sets example for
Inferior Subject, wife, son, younger brother
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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• Summary
• Powerful emperors made China the most advanced
  civilization of its time

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• By 221 B.C., the ruler of the Qin Chin people
  had conquered the Zhou
• He called himself Shi Huangdi, or first emperor

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• Shi Huangdi used cruel methods to control China
• He tortured, jailed, and killed those who did not
  support him
• However, he made measurements standard, created
  national coins, and repaired canals and roads

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• The greatest achievement of the Qin was creating
  the Great Wall to keep out invaders
• Thousands of workers labored for years to build
  the wall

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• When Shi Huangdi died, the people revolted, or
  rebelled
• They replaced the Qin with the Han dynasty
• The Han changed the harsh rules of the Qin and
  reduced taxes

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• The Han developed a civil service system
• Exams based on the teachings of Confucius, not
  family influence, decided who would get
  government jobs
• This system was used for nearly 2,000 years

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• Han China was the most advanced civilization of
  its time
• The Han learned to make paper out of wood pulp
• They invented the wheelbarrow, the fishing wheel,
  and the rudder, a device used to steer ships

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• In medicine, the Han used acupuncture, or
  treatment with needles, to reduce pain

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• The Han built beautiful temples and palaces

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• Artists carved jade and ivory

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China

• The Han opened a trade route called the Silk Road
• The Silk Road connected China with lands as far
  west as Mesopotamia

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Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China
221 B.C. Qin ruler Shi Huangdi unifies China
begins building the Great Wall
206 B.C. Liu Bang becomes first Han Emperor
B.C.

• 220 165 110 55

210 B.C. Shi Huangdi dies
141 B.C. Wudi, most famous Han emperor, begins
his rule he opens the Silk Road
87 B.C. Wudi dies