De-colonization

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De-colonization Independence

• Where?
• South Southwest Southeast
• Asia

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Why De-colonization?

• World War IIweakened Europeans
• U.S. bolstered Europeans to no avail
• Puts U.S. on the wrong side
• Nationalist movements grow strong
• Many align with U.S.S.R. for assistance
• Bipolar world
• Alignment democratic /Communist

3
Independence in India

• Weakened British unable to rule
• Muslim League advocates violence gt Day of Direct
  Action
• Leads to partition
• India gt Hindu
• East West Pakistan gt Muslim
• East Pakistan gt now Bangladesh

4
Indian Independence
5
Partition of India
Myanmar Burma
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Partition of India
Disputed Border
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Partition of India

• PAKISTAN
• Muslim
• Jinnah leader
• Favored partition
• Sought U.S. alliance
• What is our relationship now?
• Why?
• Lost war with India
• Kashmir

• INDIA
• Hindu
• Gandhi leader
• Opposed partition
• Assassinated 1948
• Maintained neutrality
• Non-alignment
• War with Pakistan
• Gained Kashmir

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Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Mohandas Gandhi
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Arab Israeli Nationalism

• Arab states gain independence except Palestine
• Zionist movement resettlement of Palestine
• Armed against Nazi persecution during war
• Balfour Declaration supports Zionists
• Pan-Arab nationalism opposed Jewish settlements
  in Palestine

10
Palestine Question to U.N.

• U.N. favors partition
  1947
• Arabs opposed
• Civil War 1947
• State of Israel 1948
• First Arab-Israeli War
• Israelis won
• Truce 1949
• Partition of Palestine

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Conflict in Palestine
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First Arab-Israeli War

• Israelis
• Supported by international Jewish community
• Won the war
• Gained much more land than original U.N.
  partition that was opposed by Arabs

• Palestinians
• Supported by Arab nations
• Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq
• Lost the war
• Chose to leave
• Refugees ever since
• Why didnt Jordan create a Palestinian homeland
  on the west bank from 1949 to present?

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Gaza
Golan Heights
West Bank
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Pan-Arab Nationalism

• Suez Crisis 1956
• Nasser nationalize Suez Canal
• Attempt to undermine Israel
• British-French-Israelis won war opened it
• Superpowers opposed action against Egypt

• Gamal A. Nasser
• Leader of movement
• Prime minister of Egypt
• Maintained neutrality
• Accepted aid from both superpowers
• Remained non-aligned

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Suez Crisis October 29, 1956
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Nationalism in Vietnam

• Geneva Conference
• Partition at 17th parallel
• U.S. South oppose free elections
• U.S. supported Ngo Dinh Diem
• Viet Minh Viet Cong southerners
• Supported by Soviets China
• U.S. ultimately lost

• French Indochina
• Fought to maintain colony
• U.S. monetary support
• Lost Dien Bien Phu 1954
• Viet Minh won
• Northern communist forces
• Supported by China
• Ho Chi Minh - leader

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Geneva Accords 7/24/54
www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/
http//www.casahistoria.net/vietnamwar.htm
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Viet Cong
Vietminh Vo Nguyen Giap
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Vietnam Conflict
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Cambodia
Flag of Democratic Kampuchea
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CambodiaCambodia, Vietnam's western neighbor,
sought to stay officially neutral throughout the
war. This effort was not successful however, as
the U.S. pursued Communist units traveling
through and setting up bases in Cambodia. The
nation was subjected to heavy bombing, ordered by
the Nixon administration, during the final stages
of U.S. military involvement.
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/maps/map_pop_
04.html
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Khmer Rouge Pol Pot
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U.S. Bombing Campaign In Cambodia Kampuchia
http//www.yale.edu/cgp/us.html
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Killing Fields
The Killing Fields at Choeung Ek. This mass
grave, discovered in 1980, was one of the first
proofs to the outside world of what had occurred
during Pol Pot's regime.
Genocide by Proxy Cambodian Pawn on a
Superpower Chessboard
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Enduring Questions

• How did W.W.2 impact nationalist movements in
  European colonies?
• Examine the rise of nationalism as a result of
  Cold War political alignments.
• How did this complex political dichotomy impact
  the United States short and long term.