The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• Chapter 17 Sections 3 4

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Causes of the Reformation

• Renaissance ideas (humanism, glorification of the
  individual)
• The Catholic Church after the Middle Ages was
  weaker (plague, political control)
• Printing press (allowed information to spread
  faster, allowed lay people to read the Bible for
  themselves)

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Northern Renaissance(Christian) Humanism

• Taken from Italian Renaissance humanisms study
  of the classics
• Goal was to reform Christendom
• Desiderius Erasmus
• Studied original Christian texts
• Praise of Folly (1511) criticized popes

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Corruption of the Church

• Renaissance Popes (1450 1520)
• Worried about Italian politics (Papal States)
• Financial problems (buying art)
• Pluralism multiple church offices
• Absenteeism
• Indulgences
• Selling salvation to raise revenue
• People wanted a more meaningful religious
  experience

5
Martin Luther

• Born in Germany (Nov. 10, 1483)
• Studied law until deciding to become a monk
• Never felt that God would accept him
• Studied the Bible
• Came to a new idea justification by faith
• Salvation was not through good works, but through
  faith

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Martin Luther vs. the Church

• Selling of indulgences angered Luther
• Johann Tetzel was the local bishop in Wittenberg
• Ninety-Five Theses (October 31, 1517)
• Wittenberg, Germany
• Attack on the church and the sell of indulgences
• Printed copies spread throughout Germany

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Luther vs. the Holy Roman Empire

• Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther in Jan. 1521
• Diet of Worms (1521)
• Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) orders Luther to
  recant (take back)
• Luther refuses
• Edict of Worms
• No one in the empire is allowed to give food or
  shelter to Luther
• Frederick the Wise of Saxony gives Luther
  protection
• 1522 Luther returns from exile and finds that
  he has gained followers

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Lutheranism

• The Lutheran Faith developed as a new Christian
  Church
• Translated New Testament into German
• Salvation through faith alone (not through the
  church)
• Bible is only source of religious truth
• Peasants Revolt (1524)
• Peasants demand an end to serfdom
• Luther sided with the princes to keep peace
• Luther loses support of many peasants
• German religious wars
• Some princes sign an agreement with Charles V to
  fight against the Lutherans
• Some princes sign an agreement to fight Charles V
  the Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Each German prince would decide the religion of
  their area

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English Religious Reform

• Henry VIII wanted a male heir
• Catherine of Aragon daughter Mary
• Nephew was Charles V of HRE
• Asked pope for a divorce, pope denied
• Henry turns to Parliament for help
• Act of Supremacy (1534) King became head of
  English church, not the pope
• New Church called the Church of England or
  Anglican Church
• Church keeps most Catholic traditions

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English Religious Reform

• Henrys Wives
• 6 wives 1 son
• Edward VI
• Sickly, dies in his teens
• Protestant reforms put in changes to the Anglican
  Church
• Mary (Bloody Mary)
• Returned England to a Catholic a nation
• Burned Protestants at the stake
• Elizabeth I
• Protestant who re-established the Anglican Church
• Puritans purify the English church

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Swiss Reforms (Zwinglianism)

• Huldrych Zwingli (1484 1531)
• Like Lutheranism salvation through faith alone
• Different
• Wanted a theocracy (church city-state) in Zurich
• Zwinglis forces defeated by Catholics

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Swiss Reforms (Calvinism)

• John Calvin
• Studied theology, law, and humanism
• Predestination belief that God is all powerful
  and predestined those who were saved
• Geneva began to reform as a theocracy
• Calvinism Spreads
• John Knox spreads ideas to Scotland
  (Presbyterians)
• Huguenots in France
• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

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Anabaptists

• Did not want states to have power over religion
• Favored by middle and lower class
• Adult baptism, all members equal
• Separation of church and state
• Would not hold political office or fight in the
  army
• Persecuted by Catholics Protestants
• Forerunners of Mennonites and the Amish
• Influenced the Quakers and Baptists

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Catholic Reformation

• Ignatius of Loyolas teachings become the
  foundation of the Society of Jesus
• Followers called Jesuits
• 3 Goals
• Create schools to teach classical studies and
  religion
• Missions to spread Catholicism (missionaries sent
  around the world)
• Stop the spread of Protestantism

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Catholic Reformation

• Council of Trent (1545 1563)
• Re-affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs
• Churchs interpretation of the Bible was final
• Need faith and good works for salvation
• Bible and Church were equally powerful
  authorities
• False selling of indulgences was banned
• Pope Paul IV has forbidden books burned

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Effects of the Reformation

• Religious
• New denominations and churches flourish
• Catholics Church becomes more centralized
• Political
• Decrease of church power leads to the formation
  of the modern nation-states
• Social
• Questioning of the church leads to the
  Enlightenment