Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Reformation
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Reformation

• Reformation is a movement for religious reform.

• There were religious and non-religious reasons
  for reform, but they all focused on the Catholic
  Church.

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Reasons for the Conflict with the Catholic Church

• Church leaders were corrupt and worldly
• Church offices were sold
• Sales of indulgences meant you could pay money
  and have your sins excused
• Poorly educated priests some were even
  illiterate

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Non-Religious Reasons

• Renaissance values of humanism led people to
  question the church
• The printing press helped spread ideas that
  disagreed with the teachings of the church
• Powerful monarchies challenged the authority and
  power of the church
• Kings and Princes were jealous of the Wealth of
  the church
• People did not want to pay taxes to the church
• Pope was viewed as a foreign power because he was
  in Rome

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Martin Luther 1483 1546

• Former monk and priest
• Was angered over the sale of indulgences
• Luther wrote his95 Theses (formal statements)
  and posted them on a church door in Germany
• He questioned the church and its practices

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Luthers 95 Theses

• Salvation is achieved by faith alone
• The Bible is the only authority for Christian
  life not the church all people could
  communicate directly with God
• Luthers ideas were published in German and
  spread across Germany
• Soon others began to accept his ideas and formed
  a separate religious group called the Lutherans
• Luther refused to recant his ideas and was
  excommunicated (took away his right to be a
  member of the Catholic Church) and later tried
  and declared a heretic (someone who doesnt
  follow the beliefs of the church) and outlaw
• This was the start of the Protestant
  Reformation!!

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John Calvin Switzerland

• Believed everyone is sinful and only God can save
  
• Believed in predestination (that God knows if you
  will be saved or not)
• Those saved were called the elect
• Believed government should be run by the church
  theocracy
• Followers were know as Calvinists

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John Knox Scotland

• Was a follower of Calvins ideas
• Helped overthrow Queen Mary of Scotland (a
  Catholic)
• Set up a theocracy
• Followers were know as Presbyterians

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Henry VIII of England

• Henry broke with the Catholic Church when the
  Pope refused to give him a divorce
• Created the Church of England with himself as the
  new head of the church
• Henry took away all Church property
• Henrys daughter, Elizabeth I, formally set up
  the Church of England, the only legal church in
  England

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Counter Reformation

• As a response to the attacks and new religions,
  the Catholic Church decided to reform itself.
  This is called the Counter Reformation.

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Outcomes of the Reformation Religious and Social

• Protestant churches grew and new religious groups
  developed
• Catholic Church became more united
• Greater emphasis on the role of education in
  promoting religious beliefs

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Political Effects of Reformation

• Decline of the Catholic Churchs moral and
  political authority led to greater power of
  monarchs and state power
• Led to the development of modern nation-states
• Questioning of beliefs and authority laid the
  groundwork for the Enlightenment

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Martin Luther

• Luther's frustration with the selling of
  indulgences led him to write the 95 Theses, which
  were quickly snapped up, translated from Latin
  into German and distributed widely. A copy made
  its way to Rome, and efforts began to convince
  Luther to change his tune. He refused to keep
  silent, however, and in 1521 Pope Leo X formally
  excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church.
  That same year, Luther again refused to recant
  his writings before the Holy Roman Emperor
  Charles V of Germany, who issued the famous Edict
  of Worms declaring Luther an outlaw and a heretic
  and giving permission for anyone to kill him
  without consequence.
• Protected by Prince Frederick, Luther began
  working on a German translation of the Bible, a
  task that took 10 years to complete. The term
  "Protestant" first appeared in 1529, when Charles
  V revoked a provision that allowed the ruler of
  each German state to choose whether they would
  enforce the Edict of Worms. A number of princes
  and other supporters of Luther issued a protest,
  declaring that their allegiance to God trumped
  their allegiance to the emperor. They became
  known to their opponents as Protestants
  gradually this name came to apply to all who
  believed the Church should be reformed, even
  those outside Germany. By the time Luther died,
  of natural causes, in 1546, his revolutionary
  beliefs had formed the basis for the Protestant
  Reformation, which would over the next three
  centuries revolutionize Western civilization.
• Based on the reading above, answer the following
  questions
• _____1. What caused Luther to write the 95
  Theses?
• a. Frustration over the sell of indulgences b.
  The Edict of Worms c. The Pope in Rome
• _____2. Luther was excommunicated in 1521. What
  else happened that same year?
• He wrote the 95 Theses b. He refused to recant
  his writings c. He died
• _____3. What year did the term Protestant
  first appear? A. 1521 b. 1529 c. 1546
• _____4. How did Martin Luther die? A. Natural
  causes b. Beheaded c. In jail
• _____5. Who issued the Edict of Worms?
• a. Charles V b. Prince Frederick c.
  Protestant

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The Legacy of King Henry VII

• 1509 - Henry VIII, becomes king.
• 1517 - The Protestant Reformation begins
• Martin Luther nails his "95 Theses on the
  church door in Germany
• 1521 - Henry VIII receives the title "Defender of
  the Faith" from Pope Leo X for his opposition to
  Luther
• 1529 - Henry VIII fails to obtain the Pope's
  consent to divorce from Catherine of Aragon
• 1533 - Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn and is
  excommunicated by Pope Clement VII
• 1534 - Act of Supremacy Henry VIII declared
  supreme head of the Church of England
• 1536 - Anne Boleyn is beheaded because she has
  not had a son
• Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour
• 1537 - Jane Seymour dies after the birth of a
  son, the future Edward VI
• 1540 - Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves Henry
  divorces Anne of Cleves and marries Catherine
  Howard
• 1542 - Catherine Howard is executed

• Based on the timeline to the left, answer these
  questions
• _____1. What year was Henry VIII excommunicated?
• 1521 b. 1533 c. 1534
• _____2. How many wives did Henry VIII have?
• a. 4 b. 5 c. 6
• _____3. In what year did Henry VIII get married
  twice?
• 1536 b. 1537 c. 1540
• _____4. Why was Anne Boleyn beheaded?
• She could not have a son
• She was excommunicated
• She was too powerful
• _____5. Henry VIII never had a son.
• True b. False
• _____6. All of Henry VIIIs wives were beheaded.