The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation
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Causes

• Abuses by Church Officials
• sale of indulgences
• corruption
• uneducated clergy
• clergy does not follow church rules

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Causes

• Secularism and humanism challenge church
  authority
• Kings challenge power of Pope
• Printing Press spreads new ideas rapidly

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Events

• Church Reformers in the 15th century (Jan Hus,
  John Wycliffe, Savonarola)
• Martin Luthers 95 Theses 1517 in Wittenberg
• critizes sale of indulgences

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• Jan Hus (1369-1415)

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• Martin Luther (1483-1546)

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Events

• Luther asks for full reform of Catholic Church
• Pope Leo X bans Luthers works
• Luther declared outlaw by German Emperor Charles
  V.
• Luther goes into hiding and translates the Bible
  into German

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• Charles V. (1500-1558)

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Luthers Main Ideas

• Salvation achieved only through Grace of God
• Truth only in Bible - People have to read Bible
  themselves
• Church cant forgive sins based on money
  contributions

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Effects

• End of religious unity
• New protestant churches
• Kings increase power over church
• Religious wars and persecution
• Education becomes more important

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The Holy Roman Empire

• German Peasants revolt to end serfdom
• German Princes split between Lutheran and
  Catholic doctrines
• Charles V. fights war against Protestant princes

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The Holy Roman Empire

• Peace of Augsburg in 1555 gives Germany an uneasy
  60 year peace
• Subjects have to follow the religion of their
  ruler
• Conflicts between Protestant and Catholics lead
  to 30-Years-War (1618-1648)

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Holy Roman Empire

• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• - Protestant Princes are fully accepted, have
  hegemony over their territory
• Power of Holy Roman Emperor effectively weakened,
  no common foreign policy
• France, England become more influential than Holy
  Roman Empire

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England

• Pope refuses to annul Henry VIII. marriage with
  Catherine of Aragon
• Henry VIII breaks away from Catholicism and
  founds Anglican Church

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England

• Henry confiscates lands of the church
• King of England Head of Church
• Power of Kings increases in England
• Wars of Religion in England
• Protestantism becomes dominant under Elizabeth I.

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France

• Protestant Minority Hugeonots
• Civil War between Hugenots and Catholics
• Hugenot leader converts to Catholicism (Paris is
  worth a mass.), grants protestanst limited
  religious freedom (Edict of Nantes)

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Massacre of St. Bartholemews Day
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Other Reformers

• John Calvin
• John Knox Presbyterian Church
• Huguenots in France
• Anabaptists Radical Community that believes in
  equal property for everybody

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Reaction of the Church

• Luther excommunicated
• Counterreformation
• Council of Trent
• Inquisition
• Jesuit Order Establishes Catholic schools all
  over the World

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