The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation
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Basic ideas of the Protestant Reformation

• Justification by Faith Alone
• Rejection of Papal Authority
• Clergy less important to faith and salvation
• Reduction of the Number of Sacraments to two
  (baptism and communion)
• Bible is the only source of truth
• Printing Press spread of ideas

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Lutheranism

• Martin Luther was a spiritually uneasy man even
  though he was a monk of 40 years
• Introduced the idea of Justification of Faith
• Indulgences pushed him to attempt to reform the
  catholic church

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Lutheranism

• Martin Luthers 95 Theses--Posted on the door of
  a church
• individuals should be able to read the bible and
  make their own interpretations
• Ordered by pope to recant Charles V summoned
  Luther to the Diet of Worms.
• Banished from the H.R.E., he hid out with various
  German Princes

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• His ideas led to social, political and religious
  revolution throughout Europe
• Peasant rebellions erupted, Luther was
  horrifiedhe wasnt a social revolutionary
• Luther became more conservative, emphasized need
  for established clergy, obedience to the state
  (only internal spiritual freedom, not external
  freedom)

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• Local German princes had a strong material
  interest in the growth of Lutheranismthey could
  take over church lands
• League of SchmalkaldGerman princes, imperial
  free cities against emperor.
• France allied with German Princes-- wanted to
  keep Germany religiously divided
• Charles V (H.R.E.) was being threatened by Turks
  French. Appealed to pope to call a council but
  popes ignored requesta generation of Lutherans
• grew up
• Diet of Augsburg 1530all Lutherans forced to
  convert
• War broke out between the League and Charles V--
  League prevailed, victory for Lutheranism

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Peace of Augsburg

• 1555
• All states in H.R.E could choose their own
  religion (either Lutheranism or Calvinism)
• Bishops who turned Lutheran had to leave their
  land to Catholic church
• Furthered fragmentation of H.R.E./German States

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Calvinism

• Felt that life was chaotic basis of many of
  Calvin's extreme ideas
• Predestination-People are already chosen for
  salvation
• Hard work was evidence of Gods chosen few
  Puritan work ethic
• Church is above the state
• No bishops church to be governed by elected
  bodies

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Calvinism

• Creation of religiously governed communities
• Not secular
• Church regulated by bible
• Calvin was strict about being obedient to God, no
  frivolity
• No transubstantiation or consubstantiation, God
  was only spiritually present during communion
• Geneva (Protestant Rome)

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Differences Overview

• Calvinism more strictly religious, very harsh,
  dependent upon order (not as much in Lutheranism)
• Calvinism rejected Bishops in the clergy
• The foundation of Calvinism was predestination
  unlike Lutheranism
• Opposite in terms of State controlling church
  (Luther) or church controlling state (Calvin)

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Martin Luther Vs John Calvin

• Church control over state
• No Bishops
• Predestination
• Strict and perfectionist
• Not secular

• Justification by faith
• Bible only source of truth
• Reduction of sacraments
• Less clergy

• State control over church
• Kept Bishops
• Do not have to be perfect
• Did not want social revolution

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English Reformation

• Henry VIII was originally dubbed Defender of the
  Faith by the pope in 1520 for his Defense of the
  Seven Sacraments
• Wanted an annulment from Catherine of Aragon
  (Charles Vs aunt) and pope would not grant

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• 1534 he passed Act of Supremacy in which he
  declared himself Protector and Only Supreme Head
  of the Church and Clergy of England
• Thomas More(Utopia) refused to sign oath and was
  executed
• Henry then seized all church lands
• Edward VI ruled after Henry, strengthened
  Protestantism when he died, Bloody Mary took
  over

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Catherine--Divorced Anne--Beheaded
Jane--Died Anne--Divorced CatherineBeheaded Kat
hryn--Survived
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Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

• Promoted nationalism, opposed foreign mercenary
  service
• Ended clerical celibacy
• Very literal interpretation of the bible
• Differed from Lutheranism when it came to the
  Eucharist (Zwingli believed Christ was only
  spiritually present)
• Tetrapolitan Confession
• Series of civil wars broke out in Switzerland

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Anabaptists

• 1525-formed by dissatisfied followers of Zwingli
• Schleitheim Confession--Rejected infant baptism
  in favor of adult baptism, no war, no oaths, no
  participation in govt.
• Formed their own religious communities--persecuted
  , tortured and executed

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THE ENDand Quotes

• If I am not allowed to laugh in heaven, I don't
  want to go there. Martin Luther
• Reason is a whore, the greatest enemy that faith
  has. Martin Luther
• A dog barks when his master is attacked. I would
  be a coward if I saw that Gods truth is attacked
  and yet would remain silent. John Calvin
• . . . I consider looseness with words no less of
  a defect than looseness of the bowels. John
  Calvin
• We must remember that Satan has his miracles,
  too. John Calvin

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Catholic Counter Reformation

• Council
• of
• Trent

• Pope Paul III (1534-1563)
• Climax of counter reformation
• 3 sessions btwn 1545-1563
• Focused on differences btwn C and P
• Rejected all compromise-- kept all
• 7 Sacraments and upheld transubstantiation

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Outcomes

• Kept
• Indulgences
• Absolute authority of the pope
• 7 Sacraments
• Transubstantiation
• Belief in purgatory
• Pilgrimages
• Cult of saints and relics

• Changed
• Selling of indulgences
• Selection of bishops for political reasons
• Large landholding of church
• Inflexibility
• Absentee clergy
• Corrupt/worldly priests

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No DoctrinalChange!!
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Baroque Art

• Associated with Counter Reformation
• Looks staged
• Lots of emotion/drama/intensity
• Ornate, lots of detail
• Often promoted the glory of the Catholic Church
  or showcased triumph of church
• Ex Bernini, St. Peters

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