The Reformation

1
The Reformation

• The Reformation
• The Counter Reformation
• The Scientific Revolution

2
The Reformation

• I've seen things you people wouldn't believe.
• Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion.
• I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the
  Tannhauser gate.
• All those moments will be lost in time,
• like tears in rain.
• Time to die.

3
The Reformation

• Blade Runner

4
Rome, We have a Problem

• The Catholic Church was very powerful and the
  kings and rulers of Europe knew that to maintain
  or increase their power they needed the blessing
  of the Pope.
• The Catholic Church was the one thing that
  Europeans had in common
• It unified the people
• It was sanctioned by God
• The church held final say on things that were of
  heaven and of earth
• The Pope was seen as infallible-he was Gods man
  on Earth
• To get to Heaven you needed to abide by the rules
  of the Catholic Church-almost everyone understood
  this

5
Rome, We have a Problem

• Indulgences
• The church wanted to keep up with the times and
  Renaissance painters and building large buildings
  cost money
• To keep money coming into the church the church
  began selling indulgences

6
Rome, We have a Problem

• Purgatory
• Was seen as the great holding place were people
  would go after death to basically do time for
  their sins
• Purgatory was not a place most Catholic wanted to
  spend their time
• To reduce the time in purgatory the church began
  to sell indulgences

7
Rome, We have a Problem

• SPECIAL OFFER
• LIMITED TIME ONLY
• Are you looking at 300 or 400 years in Purgatory!
• Dont want to wait in that long line with the
  other common sinners!
• Then the Catholic Church as a deal for you!
• We can reduce your time in Purgatory!
• You give us money-More money means less time in
  Purgatory
• AND
• We give you a piece of paper reducing your time
  in Purgatory and getting you into Heaven faster!
• (This offer is not good in any Christian Orthodox
  Community)

8
Rome, We have a Problem

• The Church was making a lot of money off the
  sales of indulgences
• The sale of indulgences also kept the masses in
  line
• Only through the Catholic Church can you get to
  Heaven
• The sale of indulgences also upset the peasants
• Many could not afford to pay for the indulgences
  so they were basically left out of the process
• Many felt that they were going to suffer here on
  earth and then in Purgatory

9
Rome, We have a Problem

• The church had amassed a large amount of money
• It had alienated some nobles who were unwilling
  to submit to the power of the church
• The church exploited the resources of countries
  by draining them of wealth
• What arose was anti-Church sentiments

10
I am on a mission from God

• Martin Luther
• Luther was a Catholic monk who became upset with
  the indulgence practices of the Catholic Church
• Luther called the indulgences Salvation for
  profit

11
I am on a mission from God

• Luther also went to Rome and saw the wealth that
  the church had amassed and was not happy that the
  Vatican was more of a worldly city.
• Luther saw the Renaissances works that had been
  paid for by churchgoers who would never see the
  Vatican and was disillusioned with goals of the
  church

12
Signs, Signs, Everywhere are Signs

• Luther went home very upset
• In 1517 Luther wrote down his grievances with the
  Catholic Church
• He wrote his famous 95 Theses and attached it to
  the church door at Wittenberg

13
Some Key Points

• 21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are
  in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences
  a man is freed from every penalty, and saved
• 82. To wit -- "Why does not the pope empty
  purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the
  dire need of the souls that are there, if he
  redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake
  of miserable money with which to build a Church?
  The former reasons would be most just the latter
  is most trivial."

14
Not too Happy with Luther

• To say the least Luther did not make friends with
  the Catholic Church
• Luther saw the Pope and the Catholic Church as
  greedy
• The Catholic Church saw Luther as a troublemaker
  and a heretic
• Pope Leo X

15
Not too Happy with Luther

• The Church (Pope Leo X) tells Luther to retract
  his criticisms at an assembly at Worms
• Luther refuses
• Pope Leo X wants Luther arrested and tried
• Luther is now a fugitive from the Catholic Church
• However Luthers ideas, with the aid of the
  printing press, spread throughout northern Europe
• Remember the nobles that were upset with the
  church? They protect and side with Luther
• The church excommunicates Luther
• Luther says no big deal-Dont like you and your
  rules anyway-Ill start my own church-Lutheran
  Church-We will call ourselves Protestants and
  play by our own rules

16
Those who went before LutherBut had Failed

• Prior to Luther a number of clergy members
  attempted to make reforms in the church
• Most of the time these clergy members wanted to
  return back to its spiritual roots

17
Those who went before LutherBut had Failed

• John Wycliffe-Oxford University wanted to return
  the church to its roots.
• Starts a following called the Lollards
• The Catholic Church does not go after Wycliffe
  while he is alive-after he dies they burn his
  body and persecute his followers
• Jan Hus-German clergyman
• Burned at the stake in 1415
• Savonarola-Dominican Friar
• Used violence to rid Florence of worldly vanity
• Executed by the Church in 1498

18
The Backlash from Luthers Reforms

• Most obvious
• There was a split in the Catholic Church
• Catholics and Protestants
• Interpretations of the Bible
• Theologians began to look at the Bible and come
  up with their own ideas on what the Bible
  actually meant
• Some agreed with Luther-Others were way out there

19
Calvinism

• Other Protestant groups began to appear
• In the 1530s John Calvin a French scholar
  established a Protestant community in Geneva
  Switzerland

20
Calvinism

• John Calvin preached the idea of Predestination
• It was the idea that God had already
  predetermined the ultimate destiny for all people
• Calvin believed that only a few people would be
  saved the (Elect) and the rest were already damned

21
Calvinism

• Calvinism would spread to France and later to
  Scotland
• It would influence
• The Huguenots in France
• The Puritans in England
• The Presbyterians in Scotland

22
Henry VIII needs a new Wife

• Henry VIII of England wanted an annulment from
  his first wife who failed to produce a male heir
  to the throne
• The Pope declined the annulment
• Henry upset with the Pope and Church renounced
  the Church

23
Henry VIII needs a new Wife

• Henry placed himself as head of the church of
  England
• Called his new religion Anglicanism
• Henry then went on to marry 5 more women and cut
  off the heads of 4 of those women
• The new Anglican (Protestant) religion caused a
  split in England while about half the population
  remained Catholic while the other half converted
  to Protestant.

24
So whats the Big Difference?

• Protestants
• Placed less emphasis on the rituals and
  sacraments
• Opposed the worship of Saints and The Virgin
  Mary-detracted from the relationship with God
• Only the Grace of God could save humans not the
  Pope, Priest or any other church member
• The Bible was more of guidelines open to
  interpretation
• Emphasized education of all people
• More lenient about divorce, clergy allowed to
  marry
• Rejected Transubstantiation
• That the bread and wine were transformed into the
  body of Christ

25
Hey, Not even we get along

• Not all protestant religions agreed with their
  own doctrines
• Calvinist were server and puritanical
• The Anglican Church was much more relaxed
• The Puritans in England (The minority) were often
  persecuted by the Anglicans (The majority)
• Remember the Puritans will leave England on the
  Mayflower-Land in Plymouth-because they are
  looking for religious freedoms

26
Ill see your Reformation and Counter Reformation

• The Catholic Church was losing followers
• The Church realized it needed to restructure and
  reform some of its practices
• Spain the true-blue Catholic country was one of
  the first to lead this reform by banning the sale
  of indulgences
• Priest and clergymen were trained to live a holy
  life instead of just preaching about a holy life
• That old practice what you preach

27
Ill see your Reformation and Counter Reformation

• The Council of Trent
• Between 1545 and 1563 a group of Church officials
  defined the doctrine of the Church
• It clarified the Churchs position on salvation
  and other religious questions
• Heretics were punished and Latin became the
  official language (again) of the Church

28
Ill see your Reformation and Counter Reformation

• The Catholic Church however was not giving into
  the Protestants instead it was going to compete
  against the Protestants
• The Church established a more rigorous religious
  discipline
• Created an Index of Forbidden Books
• This list would last until 1966
• Some notables on the list
• John Locke,

29
Ill see your Reformation and Counter Reformation

• The Catholic Church made weekly mass a must
• The Pope had supreme authority over all things
  holy
• Oh ya there was also a new brand of Catholics
  called Jesuits

30
New Catholic Soldiers

• Jesuits
• Were formed by Ignatius Loyola a former Spanish
  Soldier
• Wanted to restore the faith in the teachings of
  Jesus
• Practiced self control, moderation, and believed
  that prayer and good works led to salvation

31
New Catholic Soldiers

• The society of Jesuits often called itself the
  Church Militant and expected high expectations
  in the clergy in regards to religion
• Those who did not follow the rules were often
  tried by the Church

32
New Catholic Soldiers

• Many Jesuits were known for their oratorical and
  political skills
• Many kings and Queen in Europe who wished to keep
  their empires on the side of the Catholic Church
  appointed Jesuits to high palace positions
• Jesuits also became missionaries, educators and
  diplomats and played an active role in European
  politics until the 1700s

33
Those famous words,Why cant we all just get
along?

• Result of the Counter Reformation
• The Catholic Church was back in business again
• It had contained the spread of Protestantism to
  Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Scotland, parts of
  central Europe and small parts of France-and then
  there was England-Who made their own church
• The result would be Religious Wars

34
If you cant join them then beat them

• The Protestant Reformation was as much religious
  as it was political
• The Catholic countries of France, Spain, the Holy
  Roman Empire and Italy were going to force the
  Protestant countries to return the Catholicism

35
If you cant join them then beat them

• In the 1540s religious wars break out in the
  German states of the Holy roman Empire
• The Catholic forces win but with the Treaty of
  Augsburg the Catholics and the Protestants have
  to compromise and several German states are
  allowed to remain Protestant

36
If you cant join them then beat them

• Between 1530s to the 1600s there were religious
  wars in England and Scotland
• The Dutch who were Calvinist were determined to
  drive the Catholic Spanish out of region
• France experienced several bloody wars between
  Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots)
• The Massacre of St. Bartholomew

37
If you cant join them then beat them

• The Spanish Armada
• In 1588 the Catholic Spanish launched and attack
  on the Anglican British
• The Spanish planed to invade England-defeat
  Elizabeth I and return England to its original
  Catholic state
• The Armada failed

38
The Thirty Years War

• The last large religious war to be fought was the
  Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Protestant Bohemians living inside the Holy Roman
  Empire had issues with Catholic authorities

39
The Thirty Years War

• The Protestants were backed by
• The Dutch, Swedes, The German states that adopted
  Lutheranism, and Calvinist
• England sent financial support

40
The Thirty Years War

• The Catholics were backed by
• Spain, Austrians of the Holy Roman Empire, and
  German states of the Holy Roman Empire that
  remained Catholic

41
The Thirty Years War

• The war soon turned form a religious war to a
  political war
• The Catholic nation of France joined the war on
  the side of Protestant German states
• This was in an effort to weaken Spain and the
  Holy Roman Empire who France saw as a threat to
  the French state
• Frances intervention was seen as a growing
  secular Europe and not one based on religion

42
The Thirty Years War

• The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
• The Protestants with the assistance of the French
  had defeated the catholic armies
• Now Europe would have to learn to co-exist
• The Treaty marked the end of disputes in Europe
  based on religion
• Further disputes would be based on nationalism