REFORMATION

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REFORMATION
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During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was
the dominant religion in Western Europe
Without a common government in Europe, the
Catholic Pope became an important political leader
On the manor, priests were powerful because the
controlled peoples access to heaven by
delivering the sacraments absolving sins
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The Catholic Church taught that people could
gain access to heaven (called salvation) by
having faith in God doing good works for others
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Practices of the Catholic Church
The church taught that Christians could gain more
of Gods grace through a series of spiritual
rituals called the Holy Sacraments
Sacraments included Baptism, Confirmation,
Communion, Confession, Marriage, Ordination of
Priests, Last Rites for the Dying
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But, the church was also growing corrupt
Clergy members took vows of chastity to abstain
from sexbut some church leaders fathered
children
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Priests were required to go through rigorous
training in a monasterybut some church positions
were sold to the highest bidder called simony
Sometimes, feudal lords would use their influence
to have friends or children named as priests,
called lay investiture
As a result, some clergy members were poorly
educated
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One of the most corrupt church practices was the
selling of indulgences
Indulges began as a way for people to repent for
their sins through good works
But rather than requiring good deeds, church
leaders began selling indulgence certificates as
a way of raising money
These practices went unquestioned during the
Middle Ages
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By the time of the Renaissance, some Christians
began criticizing church corruptions questioned
Catholic teachings
Christian humanists believed that they could help
reform the Catholic Church
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In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe
priest Jan Hus attacked corruptions like
indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was
the ultimate authority on Christianity, wanted
church teachings in the vernacular (local
language) not Latin
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Title
Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by
executing Wycliffe Hus

• Text

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In 1509, Christian humanist Erasmus published
Praise of Folly which called for an end of
corruptions
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Gutenbergs Press!
As a result of Johann Gutenbergs invention of
the moveable-type printing press in 1453,
Erasmus book spread throughout Europe
increased calls for church reform
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The Protestant Reformation
By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in
turmoil over the controversy of corruption
its unwillingness to adopt reforms
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In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther
became involved in a serious dispute with the
Catholic Church
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Protestant Reformation
Protest Reform
Martin Luthers break from the Catholic Church
began the Protestant Reformation inspired a
series of new Christian denominations
During the Protestant Reformation, reformers
protested church corruptions practices in hopes
of reforming Christianity
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Protest Reform
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The Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation Video Link
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Martin Luther
As a young boy in Germany, Luther was going to
become a lawyer, but after he nearly died in a
thunderstorm he vowed to become a Catholic priest
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Martin Luther
After studying the Bible as a monk, Martin Luther
became a priest scholar
During his studies of the Bible, Luther became
convinced that salvation could not be achieved by
good works sacraments
Instead, Luther was inspired by St. Pauls
Epistle to the Romans A person can be made good
by having faith in Gods mercy
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Martin Luther
Martin Luther believed that salvation was gained
though having faith in God He called this idea
Justification by Faith
Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the
churchs selling of indulgences, which he saw as
false salvation
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In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments
against church practices called the Ninety-Five
Theses
He posted the Ninety-Five Theses on the church
door in the town of Wittenberg welcomed debate
of his ideas
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The Ninety-Five Theses spread quickly through
Europe causing an incredible controversy
Many people, especially in Northern Europe, were
excited about his ideas
But the Catholic Church condemned Luther
rejected his ideas
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ANSWER ON PAPER
Why was the Church able to silence the criticisms
of Wycliffe Hus but not the criticisms of
Martian Luther?
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In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of
Worms, a meeting of church political leaders
The Church demanded that Luther take back his
teachings
Luther refused, argued that the Bible was the
only source of religious authority, encouraged
Christians to study the Bible for themselves
At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was
excommunicated from the Catholic Church
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Martin Luthers stand against the Catholic Church
led to the formation of a new Christian
denomination known as Lutheranism
Lutheranism was the first of a series of
Protestant Christian faiths that broke from the
Catholic Church
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Protestant Reformation
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COUNTER REFORMATION
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• Essential Question
• How did the leaders of the Catholic Church
  respond to the Protestant Reformation?

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During the Protestant Reformation, religious
reformers called protestants broke from the
Catholic Church started new Christian
denominations
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Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther began the Reformation believed in
Justification by Faith
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John Calvin believed in predestination a
strict code of living
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Henry VIII, not the Pope, was the head of the
Anglican Church
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In the 1500s, the new protestant faiths spread,
especially into northern Europe in areas away
from the power of the Catholic Church
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But, most Europeans, especially in Spain, France,
Portugal, Italy stayed with the Catholic Church
which remained the largest religion in Europe but
it had lost much of its power influence
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How did leaders of the Catholic Church respond to
the Reformation?

• Assume the role of a Catholic bishop attending
  the Council of Trent in 1545 develop a
  response to the Reformation
• Brainstorm solutions to this problem
• Identify positive negative consequences of
  each possible solution
• Rank order your solutions
• Be prepared to discuss

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The Catholic Reformation
The response of the Catholic Church to the
Protestant Reformation became known as the
Counter-Reformation (or the Catholic Reformation)
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One of the first reformers in the Catholic Church
was Ignatius of Loyola who formed the Society of
Jesus in 1540
Members of the Society of Jesus were called
Jesuits focused on three goals
Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic
priests
Jesuits tried to stop the spread of Protestantism
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Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to
convert non-Christians to Catholicism
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In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of
Catholic leaders to review church practices,
known as the Council of Trent
The Catholic Church stopped selling false
indulgences
Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made
a series of reforms
New schools were created to educate priests
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The Council of Trent also reaffirmed several core
Catholic beliefs practices
Salvation is gained through faith in God good
works
All seven Holy Sacraments are legitimate means
to gain Gods grace
The Churchs interpretation of the Bible is final
all others who interpret the Bible are heretics
(non-believers)
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To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the
Inquisition to accuse, hold trials, punish
heretics
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The Church banned burned all offensive books,
including Protestant bibles
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The Impact of the Reformation
The Protestant Reformation left Europe
religiously divided
Numerous religious wars were fought between
Catholics Protestants
The weakened authority of the Pope helped kings
gain power form nations
Missionaries converted non-Christians throughout
the world
The Reformation encouraged education the
questioning of long-held beliefs
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