Bacteria: The Monera Kingdom

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Bacteria The Monera Kingdom

• Bacteria are classified into two groups
  Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Archaebacteria
  (Ancient Bacteria).
• They are autotrophic or heterotrophic
• most numerous organisms on earth
• simplest and smallest organisms.
• they are now part of nearly every environment on
  Earth.
• found at the bottom of the oceanic trenches and
  in Arctic and Antarctic Regions.
• about 2.5 Billion Years Old and Modern Humans
  arose about 100,000 years ago.
• organisms are classified as Bacteria by having
  only one characteristic they lack a nucleus.

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Bacterial Structure
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Shape of Bacteria

• Cocci sphere
• Bacilli rods
• Spirilla - spirals

Bacilli
Cocci
Spirilla
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Structures that help bacteria survive in hostile
environments

• capsules (slime layers) - help evade immune
  system, adhere to surfaces and prevents from
  drying out.
• endospores - bacteria become dormant until
  conditions become favorable

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Movement of Bacteria

• flagella - one or more whip-like structures that
  beat their way through the water.
• Spiral their way through the water like a
  corkscrew.

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Gram Stain

• Gram's Stain is a method of staining bacteria as
  an aid to their identification. It was originally
  devised by Hans Christian Joachim Gram, a Danish
  doctor.
• Gram Negative -- light red or pink color
• Gram Positive -- dark purple

Gram Negative
Gram Positive
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Reproduction

• Binary fission - one cell splits into two cells,
   
• Conjugation - bacteria exchange genetic
  information before dividing, offspring have new
  genes (and new traits)
• Transformation - bacteria incorporate genes from
  dead bacteria
• Transduction - viruses insert new genes into
  bacterial cells.

Binary fission
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Conjugation
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Transformation
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Transduction
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Viruses

• Some properties of viruses
• posses no membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, or
  other cellular components
• they cannot move or grow
• they can only reproduce inside a host cell
• they consist of 2 major parts - a protein coat,
  and hereditary material (DNA or RNA)
• they are extremely tiny, much smaller than a cell
  and only visible with advanced electron
  microscopes.

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Review the structure of DNA

• Recall that DNA is a double helix
• molecule. It is composed of alternating
  sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphates.
• The "rungs" of the ladder are made of
  nucleotides adenine, thymine, guanine and
  cytosine.
• These nucleotides make up the genetic code - or
  blueprint- for the organism.
• Viruses are made of DNA and a protein coat, since
  they do not actually grow, reproduce (on their
  own) or carry out other life functions, they are
  not considered to be living organisms

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Host of Viruses

• Viruses are specific to their hosts. They can
  only attack specific cells, and not all viruses
  can pass between different species (though some
  can). Rabies, for instance, can be passed from
  animal to human. HIV is a virus that seems
  specific to humans.

T-Even virus attacking a cell
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Common Cold HIV

• The common cold is a virus that specifically
  attacks cells of the respiratory track (hence the
  coughing and sneezing and sniffling).
• Other viruses attack other types of cells. HIV
  virus specifically attacks white blood cells.

Rhinovirus- common cold
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Related to Viruses

• Viroids - even smaller than viruses, consist of
  RNA strands that lack a protein coat. Viroids
  mainly cause plant diseases.
• Prions - infectious agents that are believed to
  be the cause of Mad Cow Disease, relatively new
  find and much is not known about them. All
  diseases known to be of prion related, occur in
  animals
• Bacteriophage - viruses that infect bacteria.

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Viral Replication

• Viruses multiply, or replicate using their own
  genetic material and the host cell's machinery to
  create more viruses.
• Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, and must
  infect a host cell in order to create more
  viruses.

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Retroviruses

• Retroviruses have RNA and the enzyme reverse
  transcriptase instead of DNA as their nucleic
  acid core.
• Once inside the host cell, reverse transcription
  (making DNA from RNA) is accomplished by the
  reverse transcriptase, turning the
  single-stranded RNA into DNA.
• This new DNA is incorporated into the host DNA,
  where it transcribes new viral RNA genomes, as
  well as the RNA to synthesize new reverse
  transcriptase and protein capsules.
• The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a
  retrovirus associated with AIDS, replicates in
  this way.

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Virus Replication Web Link
http//www.hivinfosource.org/animation.html
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Protist

• eukaryotes that include unicellular and
  multicellular organisms
• Include autotrophic, heterotrophic, and parasitic
  organisms.
• contains the protozoa, algae, and fungus-like
  protist.

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Where does the kingdom name "protista" come from?

• The Kingdom Protista was the third kingdom named.
  At the time, the other two kingdoms were for
  animals or plants. Some scientists wanted to
  include these organisms in the plant kingdom and
  others protested and wanted to place them in the
  animal kingdom. Eventually, a compromise was
  reached. They were all placed into a third
  kingdom, the Protists.

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Protozoa (animal-like)

• often microscopic (unicellular)
• Many relationships from - free living, parasitic,
  saprophytic, mutualistic
• Cannot make their own food
• Often classified by how they move
• -Amoeba - moves with Pseudopods (false feet)
• -Paramecium - moves by cilia
• -Flagellates - move by the whipping flagella
  tails.
• -Sporozoans moves by the fluid of the host
  they live inside of.

Amoeba
Paramecium
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More Protozoans

• Phylum Sarcodina
• Pseudopods (false feet) projections of cytoplasm.
  
• Some surrounded by a calcium "shell"
• Amoeba has no definite shape
• feed by phagocytosis--they flow around their prey
  (usually a smaller cell) and engulf it.

Amoeba
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Ciliates

• Phylum Ciliophora
• Moves using cilia - short hairs lining cell
• use cilia to sweep food down into their central
  channel or gullet.  
• Other Ciliophora
• Stentor
• Vorticella
• Spinostomium

Paramecium
Stentor
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Flagellates

• Phylum Mastigophora
• Moves by long whip-like hairs.
• Often have more than one flagellum
• The organism which causes African sleeping
  sickness - carried by the testie fly
• Some live in the digestive tracts of termites and
  assist in the digestion of cellulose.

Trichonympha (in termite guts)
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Sporozoans

• Phylum Sporozoa
• No means of movement
• can be transmitted through fluids from one host
  to another.
• Most sporozoan are spore- forming parasitic
  (Harmful) protozoans.
• Plasmodium
• Causes malaria, its life cycle include stages in
  both the mosquito and humans

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Algae (plant-like protist)

• All algae contain chlorophyll and carry out
  photosynthesis
• Vary in color and often named by its color.
• Most live in water, some on damp surfaces
• Make up a large part of the plankton of the
  oceans

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Euglena

• Phylum Euglenoids
• Most are unicellular
• Possess movement like animals
• Move by using whip like tail called flagellum
  (one only)
• Reproduces asexually
• Has eyespot to detect sunlight.

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Diatoms (golden algae)

• Phylum Chrysophyta
• Two part shell of silicon (glass)
• Food stored as oil
• Responsible for most oil consumed today
• Forms the diatomaceous earth. These deposits are
  mined commercially as abrasives and filtering
  aids

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Dinoflagellates (fire algae)

• Phylum Pyrrophyta
• Surrounded with "plates"
• Has two flagella
• bioluminescent algae
• Responsible for "red tides"
• Contains toxins

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Other algae or plant-like protist

• Chlorophyta
• Green algae
• Mostly freshwater
• Multicellular (some unicellular
• Seen as algae bloom in ponds
• Phaeophyta
• Brown algae
• Multicellular
• Marine protist
• Seaweed (giant kelp)
• Rhodophyta
• Red algae (produces agar)
• Multicellular
• Marine protist

Green algae
Spirogyra
Brown algae
(giant kelp)
Red algae
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Fungus-like Protist

• Slime Molds
• Live in moist soil and on decaying plants and
  trees
• Very colorful
• blob of protoplasm
• really nothing but a large amoeba and feeds much
  the same way, by engulfing its food (mostly
  bacteria) with pseudopodia.

the dog vomit slime mold
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FungiMycology - Study of fungi    

• multicellular organisms, some unicellular(yeast)
• get their food through the absorption of organic
  nutrients
• Saprophytes - organisms that lives on dead
  organisms and decompose them
• Parasites - feed on living things
• together with bacteria, they allow the recycling
  of dead organisms into the environment
• mushrooms, molds and yeast are common examples of
  fungi.

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Basic Fungus Groups

• Zygomycota
• Common molds
• Ascomycota
• Sac fungi
• Basidiomycota
• Club fungi
• Deuteromycota
• Imperfect fungi
• Oomycota
• Water molds

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Zygomycota

• Common Molds
• Black bread mold
• filamentous fungi which are terrestrial growing
  on moist, dead organic matter.
• body is called a mycelium it is made up of
  interwoven, thread-like structures called hyphae.
• Reproduces both asexually and sexually.

Common Mold
Bread mold
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Ascomycota
cup fungi

• Sac Fungi
• yeast (unicellular)
• cup fungi
• morals
• truffles
• most reproduces sexually, yeast reproduce
  asexually by budding

morals
yeast
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Basidiomycota

• Club Fungi
• Mushrooms
• puffballs,
• Bracket fungi
• Wheat rusts
• Reproduces mostly sexually.

puffballs
Amanita Fly (poisonous)
bracket fungi
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Deuteromycota

• Imperfect Fungi
• Penicillium
• Aspergillus
• Ringworm
• Athletes foot fungus
• reproduces asexully only(this is why it is called
  imperfect)

Ringworm
Athletes foot fungus
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Oomycota

• Water molds
• Downy mildew
• Potato blight fungus
• Reproduces both sexually and asexually.

Common water mold
Potato blight fungus
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Fungus Economic Importance

• yeast is used widely by brewers and bakers to
  prepare alcohol and in raising bread.
• some mushrooms are used as food for their
  delicacy and high nutritive value.
• the fungus Penicillium is used for the production
  of antibiotic penicillin.
• few species are used to give flavor and texture
  to cheese.

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Fungus Ecological Significance

• If it was not for the actions of decomposers,
  nutrients would get locked up in the dead matter
  of organisms.
• Life on earth without these organisms eventually
  would become impossible.

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Lichens

• It is an association between an alga and a
  fungus, which together form a closely integrated
  unit.
• The body of a lichen is composed of branching
  hyphae of a fungus, which harbor algal cells.
• The fungus gets food
• by the alga and the alga in return gets
  shelter, moisture and minerals absorbed by the
  fungal partner.
• - Found on rocks, tree trunks and walls

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Lichens Economic Importance

• Some lichens are valuable source of food to wild
  animals like reindeer.
• Some lichens are fried and given to cattle as
  food and to some extent to human beings.
• Some are used in medicines and other are for
  preparation of dyes.
• Litmus is prepared from certain lichens and some
  are also used in the preparations of cosmetics
  and perfumes.

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Lichens Ecological Significance

• Lichens growing on rocks disintegrate them to
  form soil, preparing the ground for mosses and
  subsequently for higher plants. Thus, they help
  in the succession of plant communities.
• Acts as pollution indicators.