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Bacteria: The Monera Kingdom

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Title: Bacteria: The Monera Kingdom


1
Bacteria The Monera Kingdom
  • Bacteria are classified into two groups
    Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Archaebacteria
    (Ancient Bacteria).
  • They are autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • most numerous organisms on earth
  • simplest and smallest organisms.
  • they are now part of nearly every environment on
    Earth.
  • found at the bottom of the oceanic trenches and
    in Arctic and Antarctic Regions.
  • about 2.5 Billion Years Old and Modern Humans
    arose about 100,000 years ago.
  • organisms are classified as Bacteria by having
    only one characteristic they lack a nucleus.

2
Bacterial Structure
3

Shape of Bacteria
  • Cocci sphere
  • Bacilli rods
  • Spirilla - spirals


Bacilli
Cocci
Spirilla
4
Structures that help bacteria survive in hostile
environments
  • capsules (slime layers) - help evade immune
    system, adhere to surfaces and prevents from
    drying out.
  • endospores - bacteria become dormant until
    conditions become favorable

5
Movement of Bacteria
  • flagella - one or more whip-like structures that
    beat their way through the water.
  • Spiral their way through the water like a
    corkscrew.

6
Gram Stain
  • Gram's Stain is a method of staining bacteria as
    an aid to their identification. It was originally
    devised by Hans Christian Joachim Gram, a Danish
    doctor.
  • Gram Negative -- light red or pink color
  • Gram Positive -- dark purple

Gram Negative
Gram Positive
7
Reproduction
  • Binary fission - one cell splits into two cells,
     
  • Conjugation - bacteria exchange genetic
    information before dividing, offspring have new
    genes (and new traits)
  • Transformation - bacteria incorporate genes from
    dead bacteria
  • Transduction - viruses insert new genes into
    bacterial cells.

Binary fission
8
Conjugation
9
Transformation
10
Transduction
11
Viruses
  • Some properties of viruses
  • posses no membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, or
    other cellular components
  • they cannot move or grow
  • they can only reproduce inside a host cell
  • they consist of 2 major parts - a protein coat,
    and hereditary material (DNA or RNA)
  • they are extremely tiny, much smaller than a cell
    and only visible with advanced electron
    microscopes.

12
Review the structure of DNA
  • Recall that DNA is a double helix
  • molecule. It is composed of alternating
    sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphates.
  • The "rungs" of the ladder are made of
    nucleotides adenine, thymine, guanine and
    cytosine.
  • These nucleotides make up the genetic code - or
    blueprint- for the organism.
  • Viruses are made of DNA and a protein coat, since
    they do not actually grow, reproduce (on their
    own) or carry out other life functions, they are
    not considered to be living organisms

13
Host of Viruses
  • Viruses are specific to their hosts. They can
    only attack specific cells, and not all viruses
    can pass between different species (though some
    can). Rabies, for instance, can be passed from
    animal to human. HIV is a virus that seems
    specific to humans.

T-Even virus attacking a cell
14
Common Cold HIV
  • The common cold is a virus that specifically
    attacks cells of the respiratory track (hence the
    coughing and sneezing and sniffling).
  • Other viruses attack other types of cells. HIV
    virus specifically attacks white blood cells.

Rhinovirus- common cold
15
Related to Viruses
  • Viroids - even smaller than viruses, consist of
    RNA strands that lack a protein coat. Viroids
    mainly cause plant diseases.
  • Prions - infectious agents that are believed to
    be the cause of Mad Cow Disease, relatively new
    find and much is not known about them. All
    diseases known to be of prion related, occur in
    animals
  • Bacteriophage - viruses that infect bacteria.

16
Viral Replication
  • Viruses multiply, or replicate using their own
    genetic material and the host cell's machinery to
    create more viruses.
  • Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, and must
    infect a host cell in order to create more
    viruses.

17
Retroviruses
  • Retroviruses have RNA and the enzyme reverse
    transcriptase instead of DNA as their nucleic
    acid core.
  • Once inside the host cell, reverse transcription
    (making DNA from RNA) is accomplished by the
    reverse transcriptase, turning the
    single-stranded RNA into DNA.
  • This new DNA is incorporated into the host DNA,
    where it transcribes new viral RNA genomes, as
    well as the RNA to synthesize new reverse
    transcriptase and protein capsules.
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a
    retrovirus associated with AIDS, replicates in
    this way.

18
Virus Replication Web Link
http//www.hivinfosource.org/animation.html
19
Protist
  • eukaryotes that include unicellular and
    multicellular organisms
  • Include autotrophic, heterotrophic, and parasitic
    organisms.
  • contains the protozoa, algae, and fungus-like
    protist.

20
Where does the kingdom name "protista" come from?
  • The Kingdom Protista was the third kingdom named.
    At the time, the other two kingdoms were for
    animals or plants. Some scientists wanted to
    include these organisms in the plant kingdom and
    others protested and wanted to place them in the
    animal kingdom. Eventually, a compromise was
    reached. They were all placed into a third
    kingdom, the Protists.

21
Protozoa (animal-like)
  • often microscopic (unicellular)
  • Many relationships from - free living, parasitic,
    saprophytic, mutualistic
  • Cannot make their own food
  • Often classified by how they move
  • -Amoeba - moves with Pseudopods (false feet)
  • -Paramecium - moves by cilia
  • -Flagellates - move by the whipping flagella
    tails.
  • -Sporozoans moves by the fluid of the host
    they live inside of.

Amoeba
Paramecium
22
More Protozoans
  • Phylum Sarcodina
  • Pseudopods (false feet) projections of cytoplasm.
  • Some surrounded by a calcium "shell"
  • Amoeba has no definite shape
  • feed by phagocytosis--they flow around their prey
    (usually a smaller cell) and engulf it.

Amoeba
23
Ciliates
  • Phylum Ciliophora
  • Moves using cilia - short hairs lining cell
  • use cilia to sweep food down into their central
    channel or gullet.  
  • Other Ciliophora
  • Stentor
  • Vorticella
  • Spinostomium

Paramecium
Stentor
24
Flagellates
  • Phylum Mastigophora
  • Moves by long whip-like hairs.
  • Often have more than one flagellum
  • The organism which causes African sleeping
    sickness - carried by the testie fly
  • Some live in the digestive tracts of termites and
    assist in the digestion of cellulose.

Trichonympha (in termite guts)
25
Sporozoans
  • Phylum Sporozoa
  • No means of movement
  • can be transmitted through fluids from one host
    to another.
  • Most sporozoan are spore- forming parasitic
    (Harmful) protozoans.
  • Plasmodium
  • Causes malaria, its life cycle include stages in
    both the mosquito and humans

26
Algae (plant-like protist)
  • All algae contain chlorophyll and carry out
    photosynthesis
  • Vary in color and often named by its color.
  • Most live in water, some on damp surfaces
  • Make up a large part of the plankton of the
    oceans

27
Euglena
  • Phylum Euglenoids
  • Most are unicellular
  • Possess movement like animals
  • Move by using whip like tail called flagellum
    (one only)
  • Reproduces asexually
  • Has eyespot to detect sunlight.

28

Diatoms (golden algae)
  • Phylum Chrysophyta
  • Two part shell of silicon (glass)
  • Food stored as oil
  • Responsible for most oil consumed today
  • Forms the diatomaceous earth. These deposits are
    mined commercially as abrasives and filtering
    aids

29
Dinoflagellates (fire algae)
  • Phylum Pyrrophyta
  • Surrounded with "plates"
  • Has two flagella
  • bioluminescent algae
  • Responsible for "red tides"
  • Contains toxins

30
Other algae or plant-like protist
  • Chlorophyta
  • Green algae
  • Mostly freshwater
  • Multicellular (some unicellular
  • Seen as algae bloom in ponds
  • Phaeophyta
  • Brown algae
  • Multicellular
  • Marine protist
  • Seaweed (giant kelp)
  • Rhodophyta
  • Red algae (produces agar)
  • Multicellular
  • Marine protist

Green algae
Spirogyra
Brown algae
(giant kelp)
Red algae
31
Fungus-like Protist
  • Slime Molds
  • Live in moist soil and on decaying plants and
    trees
  • Very colorful
  • blob of protoplasm
  • really nothing but a large amoeba and feeds much
    the same way, by engulfing its food (mostly
    bacteria) with pseudopodia.

the dog vomit slime mold
32
FungiMycology - Study of fungi    
  • multicellular organisms, some unicellular(yeast)
  • get their food through the absorption of organic
    nutrients
  • Saprophytes - organisms that lives on dead
    organisms and decompose them
  • Parasites - feed on living things
  • together with bacteria, they allow the recycling
    of dead organisms into the environment
  • mushrooms, molds and yeast are common examples of
    fungi.

33
Basic Fungus Groups
  • Zygomycota
  • Common molds
  • Ascomycota
  • Sac fungi
  • Basidiomycota
  • Club fungi
  • Deuteromycota
  • Imperfect fungi
  • Oomycota
  • Water molds

34
Zygomycota
  • Common Molds
  • Black bread mold
  • filamentous fungi which are terrestrial growing
    on moist, dead organic matter.
  • body is called a mycelium it is made up of
    interwoven, thread-like structures called hyphae.
  • Reproduces both asexually and sexually.

Common Mold
Bread mold
35
Ascomycota
cup fungi
  • Sac Fungi
  • yeast (unicellular)
  • cup fungi
  • morals
  • truffles
  • most reproduces sexually, yeast reproduce
    asexually by budding

morals
yeast
36
Basidiomycota
  • Club Fungi
  • Mushrooms
  • puffballs,
  • Bracket fungi
  • Wheat rusts
  • Reproduces mostly sexually.

puffballs
Amanita Fly (poisonous)
bracket fungi
37
Deuteromycota
  • Imperfect Fungi
  • Penicillium
  • Aspergillus
  • Ringworm
  • Athletes foot fungus
  • reproduces asexully only(this is why it is called
    imperfect)

Ringworm
Athletes foot fungus
38
Oomycota
  • Water molds
  • Downy mildew
  • Potato blight fungus
  • Reproduces both sexually and asexually.

Common water mold
Potato blight fungus
39
Fungus Economic Importance
  • yeast is used widely by brewers and bakers to
    prepare alcohol and in raising bread.
  • some mushrooms are used as food for their
    delicacy and high nutritive value.
  • the fungus Penicillium is used for the production
    of antibiotic penicillin.
  • few species are used to give flavor and texture
    to cheese.

40
Fungus Ecological Significance
  • If it was not for the actions of decomposers,
    nutrients would get locked up in the dead matter
    of organisms.
  • Life on earth without these organisms eventually
    would become impossible.

41
Lichens
  • It is an association between an alga and a
    fungus, which together form a closely integrated
    unit.
  • The body of a lichen is composed of branching
    hyphae of a fungus, which harbor algal cells.
  • The fungus gets food
  • by the alga and the alga in return gets
    shelter, moisture and minerals absorbed by the
    fungal partner.
  • - Found on rocks, tree trunks and walls

42
Lichens Economic Importance
  • Some lichens are valuable source of food to wild
    animals like reindeer.
  • Some lichens are fried and given to cattle as
    food and to some extent to human beings.
  • Some are used in medicines and other are for
    preparation of dyes.
  • Litmus is prepared from certain lichens and some
    are also used in the preparations of cosmetics
    and perfumes.

43
Lichens Ecological Significance
  • Lichens growing on rocks disintegrate them to
    form soil, preparing the ground for mosses and
    subsequently for higher plants. Thus, they help
    in the succession of plant communities.
  • Acts as pollution indicators.
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