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Kingdom Monera

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... very hot, acid habitats of 60-80 and pH 2-4, like the photo of a 'Hot springs' ... Bacilli rod-shaped (bacillus) Spirilla spiral (spirillum) Respiration ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Kingdom Monera


1
Kingdom Monera
  • Biology 112

2
BACTERIA
3
Monera
  • Oldest and most abundant organisms
  • Prokaryotic (before a nucleus)
  • Unicellular Microscopic
  • Undergo asexual reproduction
  • Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. They are
    the smallest, simplest organisms

4
Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
  • Archaebacteria are very ancient bacteria.
  • Found in anaerobic conditions with high salt,
    high temperature, and low pH. These are believed
    to be the conditions on the early Earth. Earths
    early atmosphere did not contain oxygen. The
    earliest organisms were anaerobic.

5
These bacteria live in very hot, acid habitats of
60-80 and pH 2-4, like the photo of a "Hot
springs" below, the red stain on the rocks are
the prokaryotic cells.
6
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  • Eubacteria are more modern bacteria.
  • Inhabit nearly every known habitat
  • Consumers, producers, and decomposers
  • Some cause disease but most are harmless

8
  • Highly magnified view (2000 X) of human pus
    showing white blood cells (called neutrophils)
    with deeply-lobed purple nuclei. The minute
    paired dots (red arrow) are diplococcus gonorrhea
    bacteria.

9
Bacteria
  • They are found in nearly every habitat studied,
    including some that no other organism is able to
    withstand.

10
  • Bacteria have a cell wall, a cell membrane
    surrounds the cell but no membrane-bound
    organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria,
    chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, or ER. Some are
    covered by a layer of slime called a capsule.
    Some have flagella for locomotion.

11
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12
3 basic shapes
  • Cocci spherical (coccus)
  • Bacilli rod-shaped (bacillus)
  • Spirilla spiral (spirillum)

13
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14
Respiration
  • Obligate aerobes - must have oxygen.
  • Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the
    presence of oxygen
  • Facultative anaerobes - will use oxygen if
    present but dont need it

15
Nutrition
  • Most are heterotrophs although some are
    autotrophs.

16
  • The autotrophic bacteria either use chemicals as
    a source of energy (chemoautotrophs) or are
    photosynthetic (photoautotrophs).

17
  • Some are parasites which live off a living host

Leucothrix mucor
18
  • Some are saprobes, feeding off dead organisms and
    waste (i.e., decomposers).

19
Reproduction
  • Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome
    attached to the inside of the plasma membrane

20
Asexual - Binary Fission
  • Prokaryotes reproduce by simply splitting in two
  • The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two
    identical cells.

21
Sexual - Conjugation
  • Sexual reproduction combines genes from two
    different individuals and increases variation.
    Prokaryotes do not technically reproduce sexually
    but can mix genes with one another.

22
  • Conjugation - Two cells join briefly and one cell
    donates some DNA (called a plasmid) to the other
    one. Sometimes part of the cells chromosome is
    donated as well.

23
  • World Builders 1 Chapter 4 Asexual Reproduction E
    Viau CSULA

24
  • Transformation - Bacteria can also pick up pieces
    of DNA from the environment

25
  • Transduction - sometimes viruses transfer pieces
    of DNA from one cell to another.

26
  • Mutation is a large source of genetic diversity
    in bacteria.

Under ultraviolet light in a Petri dish
containing laundry whitener, symbiotic bacteria
with a mutant bluB gene (lower right) fluoresce
brightly, while the same bacteria with no
mutation only glow slightly (top right), and
bacteria with another mutation (in the exoY gene)
are completely dark.
27
Endospores
  • some bacteria form endospores when environmental
    conditions become unfavorable.

28
  • Endospores are DNA and a small amount of
    cytoplasm enclosed in a tough cell wall. They are
    resistant to extremes in temperature, drying, and
    harsh chemicals.
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