Title: Kingdom Monera
1Kingdom Monera
2BACTERIA
3Monera
- Oldest and most abundant organisms
- Prokaryotic (before a nucleus)
- Unicellular Microscopic
- Undergo asexual reproduction
- Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. They are
the smallest, simplest organisms
4Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
- Archaebacteria are very ancient bacteria.
- Found in anaerobic conditions with high salt,
high temperature, and low pH. These are believed
to be the conditions on the early Earth. Earths
early atmosphere did not contain oxygen. The
earliest organisms were anaerobic.
5These bacteria live in very hot, acid habitats of
60-80 and pH 2-4, like the photo of a "Hot
springs" below, the red stain on the rocks are
the prokaryotic cells.
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7- Eubacteria are more modern bacteria.
- Inhabit nearly every known habitat
- Consumers, producers, and decomposers
- Some cause disease but most are harmless
8- Highly magnified view (2000 X) of human pus
showing white blood cells (called neutrophils)
with deeply-lobed purple nuclei. The minute
paired dots (red arrow) are diplococcus gonorrhea
bacteria.
9Bacteria
- They are found in nearly every habitat studied,
including some that no other organism is able to
withstand.
10- Bacteria have a cell wall, a cell membrane
surrounds the cell but no membrane-bound
organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria,
chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, or ER. Some are
covered by a layer of slime called a capsule.
Some have flagella for locomotion.
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123 basic shapes
- Cocci spherical (coccus)
- Bacilli rod-shaped (bacillus)
- Spirilla spiral (spirillum)
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14Respiration
- Obligate aerobes - must have oxygen.
- Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the
presence of oxygen - Facultative anaerobes - will use oxygen if
present but dont need it
15Nutrition
- Most are heterotrophs although some are
autotrophs.
16- The autotrophic bacteria either use chemicals as
a source of energy (chemoautotrophs) or are
photosynthetic (photoautotrophs).
17- Some are parasites which live off a living host
Leucothrix mucor
18- Some are saprobes, feeding off dead organisms and
waste (i.e., decomposers).
19Reproduction
- Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome
attached to the inside of the plasma membrane
20Asexual - Binary Fission
- Prokaryotes reproduce by simply splitting in two
- The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two
identical cells.
21Sexual - Conjugation
- Sexual reproduction combines genes from two
different individuals and increases variation.
Prokaryotes do not technically reproduce sexually
but can mix genes with one another.
22- Conjugation - Two cells join briefly and one cell
donates some DNA (called a plasmid) to the other
one. Sometimes part of the cells chromosome is
donated as well.
23- World Builders 1 Chapter 4 Asexual Reproduction E
Viau CSULA
24- Transformation - Bacteria can also pick up pieces
of DNA from the environment
25- Transduction - sometimes viruses transfer pieces
of DNA from one cell to another.
26- Mutation is a large source of genetic diversity
in bacteria.
Under ultraviolet light in a Petri dish
containing laundry whitener, symbiotic bacteria
with a mutant bluB gene (lower right) fluoresce
brightly, while the same bacteria with no
mutation only glow slightly (top right), and
bacteria with another mutation (in the exoY gene)
are completely dark.
27Endospores
- some bacteria form endospores when environmental
conditions become unfavorable.
28- Endospores are DNA and a small amount of
cytoplasm enclosed in a tough cell wall. They are
resistant to extremes in temperature, drying, and
harsh chemicals.