Imperialism

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Imperialism Progressivism
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• And one night late it came to me this way(1)
  That we could not give them back to Spain-that
  would be cowardly and dishonorable (2) that we
  could not turn them over to France or Germany-
  our commercial rivals in the Orient- that would
  be bad business and discreditable (3) that we
  could not leave them to themselves- they were
  unfit for self-government- and they would soon
  have anarchy and misrule over there worse than
  Spains was and (4) that there was nothing left
  for us to do but to take them all and to educate
  the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and
  Christianize them, and by Gods grace do the very
  best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom
  Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and
  went to sleep and slept soundly.

3

• To what extent was American overseas imperialism
  of the late 19th century a departure from
  American tradition?

4
The Open Door Note

• Issued by Secretary of State John Hay to European
  powers in China
• Wanted them to keep an open door of trade
  between China and the West
• All nations should have equal access and economic
  rights in China

5
The Open Door Note

• European reaction?
• American reaction?
• Real meaning of the Open Door Note

6
The Boxer Rebellion

• 1899 China divided among European Powers into
  spheres of influence dominated Chinese
  politics and economy

7
The Boxer Rebellion

• 1900 Nationalist Chinese rebels (Boxers)
  rebel against foreign control killed many
  European and American missionaries
• Also targeted Chinese Christians

8
The Boxer Rebellion

• A multinational force (including 2100 Americans)
  sent to China to subdue Boxers
• Significance?
• China forced to pay millions to allied countries
• American creates college fund for future Chinese
  leaders

9
1900 Election

• Republicans choose TR as VP reasons?
• TR campaigns like Bryan popular, big crowds

10
1900 Election

• McKinley defeats Bryan by bigger margin than
  1896 main issue imperialism

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The Assassination of McKinley, Sept. 1901

• Assassinated by an anarchist at World Fair at
  Buffalo, NY

12

• To what extent was American overseas imperialism
  of the late nineteenth century imperialism a
  departure from American tradition?

13

• The United States, since Washingtons Neutrality
  Proclamation, proclaimed neutrality in foreign
  affairs and, espousing the Monroe Doctrine,
  largely avoided involvement in the eastern
  hemisphere before the late nineteenth century.
  However, Americans took land from Native
  Americans by force, coerced other nations into
  giving up territory, and always believed in a
  God-given right to expansion. Therefore, American
  tradition has always included elements of
  imperialism.
• United States history began with a belief in
  divine approval of efforts to expand westward.
  However, in the late nineteenth century, the
  United States boldly asserted her interests in
  the eastern hemisphere, built her navy to project
  her power overseas, and contended with European
  powers for access to lucrative overseas markets.
  Late nineteenth century imperialism was
  remarkably different than previous western
  expansion.

14
TR as President

• Different from predecessors
• More energetic
• Reformist, progressive
• More visible to the public
• More aggressive in dealing with problems of the
  country

15
TR s Foreign Policy

• Emphasized strong defense
• Creator of modern steel navy
• Speak softly and carry a Big Stick became
  symbol of American imperialism

16
The Roosevelt Corollary

• Addition to Monroe Doctrine
• Statement of US strength
• Protection of American interests in Latin America
• Claimed right to intervene if Americans or their
  interests were threatened
• Unpopular in L. America

17
The Panama Canal

• Previously attempted by the French in 1870s
  resulted in 20,000 deaths and bankruptcy

Bankruptcy proceedings of French Canal Company
18
The Panama Canal

• Original choice of TR Nicaragua
• Chose Panama after volcano eruption

19
The Panama Canal

• TR attempts to buy rights from Colombia to build
  canal but is refused reasons
• French agent Philippe Bunau-Varilla creates
  Panama Revolt (1903)

Panama capitol building
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The Panama Canal

• Colombia attempts to regain Panama, blocked by US
  Navy outside Bogotá
• US recognizes newly independent Panama
• First act of amb. Bunau-Varilla sells rights to
  US for 10m US begins work on the Canal
• US gives Colombia 25 million for its trouble

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The Panama Canal

• Takes 10 years, 400m to build
• Invented new equipment
• Development of yellow vaccine
• Casualties under 200

22
The Panama Canal

• Impact of Canal

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Progressivism in the Early 20th Century
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Progressivism

• A movement of upper and middle class reformers to
  change society through government action
• Use of Omaha Platform as guide, but mostly not
  populists
• Made up of
• labor and urban reformers
• politicians from both parties
• muckraking journalists
• advocates of social reform

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Issues in the Progressive Era

• Urban slums
• Child labor

• Political reform
• Aid to immigrants

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Issues in the Progressive Era

• Woman suffrage
• Temperance/prohibition

• Conservation
• Regulation of trusts

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The Muckrakers

• Journalists who exposed social problems and
  supported reforms with their articles
• Upton Sinclair and The Jungle (1906) problems of
  urban poor

• Ida Tarbell The History of Standard Oil (1902)
• Frank Norris and The Octopus (1901) exposed the
  abuses of the railroad industry

28
The Muckrakers

• Lincoln Steffens Shame of the Cities exposed
  the political machines
• George Washington Plunkitt
• of Tammany Hall

29
The Jungle (1906)

• Sinclair intended to show urban poverty instead,
  public focuses on conditions in the meat industry
• Leads to Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat
  Inspection Act

30
TR as Progressive Era President

• Background as reformer
• Reformed civil service of NYC
• NYC Police Commissioner
• Governor of NY
• First major test 1902 Coal Strike

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1902 Coal Strike

• TR tries to mediate between strikers and owners
  in White House meetings
• Owners refuse to compromise TR threatens to take
  over the mines for the workers
• To he with the Constitution when the people
  need coal!

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1902 Coal Strike

• Owners initially refuse, then compromise as TR
  calls up the Army to take over the mines
• TR calls this the Square Deal, becomes
  trademark of his administration

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TR the Trustbuster!

• Regulation, not destruction, of good trusts
  definition of good and bad trusts
• Use of Sherman Anti-Trust Act against
  corporations
• 
  First target the RRs

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TR Takes on the Robber Barons

• Empowers the Interstate Commerce Commission to
  govern uncooperative trusts

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TR vs. Morgan

• TR takes on Northern Securities, controlled by
  Morgan first trust broken up by Supreme Court
• Trusts not busted
• Standard Oil
• US Steel

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1904 Election

• TR crushes Alton Parker, promises not to run for
  third term
• Debs runs for 1st time

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TR the Conservationist
1885

• TR sets aside millions of acres for preservation
  with the Newlands Act
• Creates national parks (i.e. Yosemite)

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The Panic of 1907

• Bank began to fail rapidly Morgan creates a
  group to stabilize banking system
• Leads to creation of flexible currency and the
  Federal Reserve (1913)

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1908 Election

• TR anoints W. H. Taft successor
• Defeats William Jennings Bryan!
• 
  
• 
  regrets promise of no
• 
  3rd term retires to hunt
• 
  big game

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The Legacy of TR

• Made presidency center of govt. power expanded
  presidential power and authority
• Involved govt. in the lives of the people
  trustbuster, govt. regulator
• Made US international power

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William Howard Taft

• Background
• governor of the Philippines
• TRs Secretary of War
• later, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• Continued progressive reforms
• Expanded trust-busting efforts
• Expanded conservation efforts
• 17th Amendment passed
• direct election of Senators

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Taft and Trust-busting

• Taft did not recognize good or bad trusts
• Broke 77 in all, including Standard Oil and US
  Steel
• Broke agreement on trusts angered TR and
  motivated him to run for 3rd term

43
Dollar Diplomacy

• Expansion of Roosevelt Corollary protection of
  US investment and people, worldwide
• First use in Latin America i.e. Nicaragua,1909
• Most controversial Morgans Manchurian RR in
  1911

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Problems in the Taft Administration

• Too progressive or not progressive enough for
  Republicans
• Overshadowed by TR

• Seen as not being own man but TRs puppet
• Conflict between TR and Taft over Tafts breaking
  of gentlemans agreement on US Steel

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• Assess the validity of the following statement
• TR was an effective president who balanced
  business interests with public well-being and
  encouraged a new leadership role for the US in
  world affairs.

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1912 Election

• Candidates
• Taft Wilson TR
  Debs
• Main issue progressive reforms and dollar
  diplomacy

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Woodrow Wilson

• Background
• PhD in Political Science
• Professor at Princeton, later president
• Governor of New Jersey, 1910 -1912 nominated
  for president to remove him from NJ

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1912 Election

• TR and the Progressive Party
• TR wants to run again, denied by Republicans
  forms 3rd party
• Nicknamed the Bull Moose Party
• Platform called the New Nationalism
• Called for further reforms than when president
  and involvement in world affairs

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1912 Election

• Events
• TR shot during campaign, continued anyway
• Vote divided between four candidates, Wilson
  wins Electoral College

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Warm Up Write it on a clean, separate piece of
paper

• Given his immense popularity among the American
  people, his aggressive campaigning, and his
  reputation as a trust-buster, why did TR fail
  to win the Republican nomination and the
  Presidency in 1912?

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The Wilson Administration

• The Triple Wall of Privilege
• the tariff pledged to lower it, eventually
  lowered through the Underwood Tariff also
  enacted the income tax (16th Amendment)

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The Wilson Administration

• The Triple Wall of Privilege
• the banks after death of Morgan in 1913, the
  Federal Reserve was created regulated supply
  and interest rates

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The Wilson Administration

• The Triple Wall of Privilege
• the trusts similar opinion as Taft, saw trusts
  as bad for the economy created the Federal Trade
  Commission which regulates business
• Also limits on child labor

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The Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Also passed Clayton Anti-Trust Act which
  strengthened the govt. in dealing with trusts
• Also allowed for unions to be recognized and to
  bargain collectively for first time called by
  Gompers as the Magna Carta of Labor

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Think (and write), pair, share

• To what extent were progressive reformers during
  the Progressive Era successful in initiating
  reform? What were the failures of progressivism?

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Limits of Progressivism

• Race relations left out of reforms black
  Americans see little progress during the era
• Why?

57
Blacks in the Gilded Age

• Two competing views integration vs. separation
• Views of Booker T. Washington
• economic independence before integration
• separation from white society to build up
  black institutions and businesses
• Founded Tuskegee Institute

Let down your bucket where you are.
I have learned that success is to be measured
not so much by the position that one has reached
in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome
while trying to succeed.
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Blacks in the Gilded Age

• Jim Crow in the South, segregation in most
  parts of the country impact of Plessy v.
  Ferguson (1896) separate but equal

Homer Plessy, 1896
Homer Plessy
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Blacks in the Gilded Age

• Views of W. E. B. DuBois
• immediate integration is the right of black
  Americans, as promised in the Declaration and
  Constitution
• Founded NAACP in 1910
• Influence on MLK and the
• civil rights movement

The important thing is this To be able at any
moment to sacrifice what we are for what we could
become.
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Wilsons Foreign Policy

• Campaigned against Dollar Diplomacy called for
  moral diplomacy pulled troops out of Haiti and
  Dominican Republic

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Problems With Mexico

• Mexican Revolution 1910 1919
• MX controlled by dictator Porfirio Diaz, revolt
  led by Emilio Zapata and Francisco Madero
• Revolt succeeds and Madero new pres. of MX

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Problems With Mexico

• Madero overthrown and executed by Valeriano
  Huerta in 1913
• Wilson refuses to recognize new leader of MX,
  begins to secretly support rival Venustiano
  Carranza
• Huerta began to threaten American assets and
  people

Huerta
Carranza
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US in Mexico
US in Mexico

• Wilson vs. Huerta
• Sent navy to patrol Mexican coast to protect US
  citizens
• April, 1914 nine sailors captured entering
  restricted zone in Tampico, MX

• Wilson sends bombs Vera Cruz in May, starting
  anti-American riots
• Huerta threatens American interests in MX

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US in Mexico

• War with Mexico close both armies prepare

• US navy blockades Mexican ports
• Latin American countries move to intercede
  between US and MX

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The ABC Powers

• The ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile)
  mediate between US and MX in Niagara Falls, NY
  (July, 1914)
• During conference, Huerta
• overthrown by Carranza
• Assisted by Pancho Villa

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Francisco Pancho Villa

• Carranzas military leader, armed and equipped by
  US Army to fight Huerta
• Former bandit leader

Villa with American general John Black Jack
Pershing
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US vs. Villa

• Wilson promises support, recognition if Carranza
  removes Villa from command
• Villa vows revenge, begins raids on American
  holdings in Mexico
• Raids Columbus, NM
• Kills 18 Americans
• (July, 1916)

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US vs. Villa

• Wilson sends Pershing into MX to capture Villa,
  despite MX protests
• Villa evades US for over a year
• Pershing returns to US to lead US Army in WW I
• Villa never captured rumors?