New Imperialism

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New Imperialism
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Building Overseas Empires

• Imperialism is the domination by one country of
  the political, economic, or cultural life of
  another country or region
• New Imperialism was European expansion during
  1800s in Africa, Asia South America

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• Economic interests lead to expansion
• Need natural resources, new consumers, colonies
  to spread out population
• Political and Military Motives
• Need for military bases, global empire brought
  prestige
• Humanitarian and Religious Goals
• Christians wanted to spread religion help less
  fortunate
• Applying Social Darwinism
• Europeans thought they were better

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Western Advantages

• Europeans had strong economies, well-organized
  governments, powerful armies
• Advanced technology like riverboats, telegraph
  and medicines like Quinine
• Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, and steam
  driven warships

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Forms of Imperialism

• French imposed direct rule
• Had Frenchmen control colonies wanted to impose
  French culture on colonies
• Britain used indirect rule
• Had local officials run the colonies taught
  local kids to become more westernized
• Protectorate had local rulers who were expected
  to follow the advice of European advisers on key
  issues
• Sphere of influence is an area where an outside
  power claims exclusive trading privileges

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The Partition of Africa

• Africa was made up many regions, hundreds of
  languages, and varied governments
• Some lived in large states others in villages

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Islamic Crusades in West Africa

• Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious
  reforms based on Islamic law
• Usman helped create a powerful Islamic state in
  northern Nigeria
• Literacy improved, local wars stopped, trade
  improved

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• Shaka led the Zulu conquest of many tribes in
  southern Africa
• Helped create a strong Zulu kingdom and army
• Dutch Boers started to migrate north into Zulu
  territory
• Boers were forced out of their land by British
  soldiers
• Zulus were eventually defeated due to lack of
  technology

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European Contact Increases

• Explorers traveled into Africa to create a map
• Missionaries followed explorers to help and
  convert Africans
• Were paternalistic, believing they were superior
  to African children

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• Dr. David Livingstone is the most well known
  explorer/missionary
• Traveled all around Africa and wrote about its
  peoples
• Journalist Henry Stanley went to Africa in 1869
  to find Livingstone
• Found him in 1871 Dr. Livingstone I presume?

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A Scramble for Colonies

• Belgium King Leopold II spoke of civilizing and
  Christianizing barbaric Africans really wanted
  more power and money
• Sent Henry Stanley to report on his findings in
  Africa
• Led to other countries to scramble for colonies

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Berlin Conference

• European countries met in 1884 to determine how
  to divide African territory
• Meeting took place in Berlin, Germany
• No Africans were present
• Countries needed government officials to claim
  territories
• Created new boundaries with no regard tradition
  or ethnicity

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• Leopold treated natives of the Congo cruelly had
  to give up his colony to the Belgian government
• France controlled portions of Africa larger then
  the United States
• Britain controlled eastern and western coasts
• Once diamonds were found in Boer territory,
  Britain moved north to control that territory
• Boer War was fought with Britain winning harsh
  battles and creating Union of South Africa

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Africans Resist Imperialism

• Nehanda led the Shona tribe in Zimbabwe against
  colonists
• Was executed, but legacy helped fuel future
  fights for freedom
• Menelik II began to modernize Ethiopia
• Roads, schools, weapons and training
• Defeated Italian invaders

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European Claims in Muslim Regions

• In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad claimed to be the
  Mahdi, or savior of the faith
• Fought against British invasion
• In Arabia, the Wahhabi movement wanted to go back
  to the purity of Muhammads original teachings
• Wahhabi still influences Saudi Arabia today

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Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• Nationalism spread leading to uprisings and
  independence for several countries
• Russia wished to gain control of the Bosporus and
  the Dardanelles
• Russia wanted to gain control of the
  Mediterranean Sea

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Efforts to Westernize

• Ottoman rulers saw a need to reform
• Tax collection, railroads, education and military
  
• Many officials opposed changes influenced by
  foreign cultures
• Ottoman sultans, rulers, rejected reform and go
  back to old ways

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• The Young Turks overthrew the sultan and tried to
  reform
• Ottoman Turks usually let other nationalities
  practice their own religions
• Nationalism led to tensions between Turks and
  minorities
• Armenians faced genocide, or extermination,
  because of their beliefs

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Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• Muhammad Ali, appointed governor of Egypt, helped
  lead reforms and independence
• Improved tax collection, irrigation, and
  industries
• Had military experts help form and train an army
• Helped conquered neighboring lands

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• Alis successors let foreign countries gain
  control of Egypt
• Ferdinand de Lesseps of France created a company
  to build the Suez Canal
• Egypt was unable to pay back loans for the canal
• Sold shares of the canal to pay debts
• Britain gained majority control of the Suez Canal
• Egypt became a protectorate of Britain
• Controlled decisions and led to riots

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Persia and European Powers

• The Qajar shahs ruled Persia and worked to reform
  and modernize
• Russia wanted to expand through Persia, Britain
  wanted to protect interests in India
• Oil led these countries to create spheres of
  influence and were granted concessions
• Some Persians wanted more western influence,
  Muslim leaders disliked the governments decisions

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The British Takeover India

• British East India Company gained trading rights
  with the Mughal Empire
• Britain conquered India by exploiting its
  diversity
• Home of many cultures, languages, people
• Used superior weapons when needed

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• East India Company wanted to make money also
  helped advancements
• Education, law, religions
• End slavery cast system
• Improve position of women
• Ended sati, a practice of widows throwing
  themselves on husbands funeral fire

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Growing Discontent

• East India Company sent sepoys, Indian soldiers
  in its service, overseas
• Offensive to upper class Hindus
• Passed a law allowing widows to remarry
• Believed to be a Christian conspiracy
• Soldiers rifles had cartridges greased with
  animal fat
• Indians who refused to use them were imprisoned

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• Sepoys rebelled claiming Mughal rulers as their
  leaders
• Killed British men, women and children
• Britain crushed the rebellion and slaughtered
  thousands of Indians
• British government took control of India

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• British Raj system controlled India
• Viceroy governed in the name of the queen
• Britain was helping India to westernize
• Improved roads and railroads, communication
• Westernization hurt Indians
• Textiles hurt hand weavers
• Growing cash crops caused deforestation, or
  cutting down of trees

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• Increased population led to famine
• Better healthcare
• Growing cash crops instead of food

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Different Views on Culture

• Ram Mohun Roy felt India could learn from the
  west
• Founded Hindu College
• Disliked caste system, child marriage, sati, and
  purdah, isolating women in separate quarters

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Indian Nationalism Grows

• Western educated Indians turned toward western
  ideas of democracy
• Formed Indian National Congress
• Wanted self-rule but liked modernization
• Muslim League formed to pursue own goals
• Feared Hindus would oppress Muslims

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China and the New Imperialism

• China had a trade surplus, exported more than it
  imported
• Sold silk, porcelain and tea for gold and silver
• Europeans were restricted to a small trading area

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The Opium War

• British were trading Indian opium for Chinese tea
• Many Chinese became addicted and gave up silver
  for opium
• Chinese government banned opium and executed drug
  dealers
• Asked Britain to stop trading they refused

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• Chinese warships attacked British merchant ships
• British warships bombarded Chinese ports and were
  easily defeated

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• Britain received a huge indemnity, payment for
  losses in war and the island of Hong Kong
• China had to open 5 ports to foreign trade
• British citizens in China received
  extraterritoriality, the right to live under home
  laws and tried by home courts

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• Poor living conditions and corrupt upper class
  lead to a peasant rebellion
• Taiping Rebellion lasted 14 years and called for
  an end of the Qing dynasty
• The government was able to crush the rebellion
• Caused 20-30 million deaths

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• Chinese scholars thought that western ideas
  threatened Confucian ways
• Empress Ci Xi created a self-strengthening
  movement little progress was made
• Sino-Japanese War led to Japan gaining the island
  of Taiwan

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• European powers carved China into spheres of
  influence
• U.S. supported an Open Door Policy that left the
  trade door open to everyone.

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• Emperor Guang Xu instituted 100 days of reform to
  help China modernize
• Ci Xi regained power and reversed all reforms

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The Qing Dynasty Falls

• The Righteous Harmonious Fists formed to rid
  China of foreign influence
• Given the name Boxers they started the Boxer
  Uprising
• A multinational force helped defeat the Boxers

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• Reforms took place instituting western ideas
• Sun Yixian helped form the Revolutionary Alliance
  to rebuild China
• Nationalism, democracy and economic security were
  goals of the alliance
• Sun was named president of the new Chinese
  republic