Imperialism

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Imperialism
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To Civilize
10 Minutes Introduction to Scramble For Africa
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Videos

• 10 Minutes Introduction to Scramble For Africa
• Scramble for Africa for Handout for handout first
  2136
• Imperialism Video 400

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The OPENING UP OF AFRICA

• Mid-1800s
• Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign
  interest in Africa

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Africa (1880)
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DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873)

• Scottish missionary
• 1841-1873 lived in central Africa
• Explored Africa
• Named Lake Victoria after the British queen
• Converted many Africans to Christianity
• Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign
  interest
• 1871 reported lost
• Found by Henry Stanley
• Dr. Livingstone, I presume?
• Video
• Song

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ExplorationDr. Livingstone, I Presume?

• David Livingstone
• Doctor/Missionary
• Mapping the Dark Continent because little was
  known about it at the time
• Open the interior ofAfrica for commerce
  Christianity

David Livingstone
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The Scramble for Africa
1. Colonization of Africa by Europeans
1880-1914 3 Great Britain, France, Italy,
Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium
King Leopold II of Belgium
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Imperialism The policy by a stronger nation to
attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker
nations economically, politically, culturally, or
militarily.
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How Did Imperialism Begin?
A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town,
South Africa
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Economic Motives 1

• Industrialized nations sought
• Raw materials
• Natural resources
• A cheap labor supply
• New marketplaces for manufactured goods
• Control means of production

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The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
  in the mid-18th century
• Britains advantages
• The spread of industrialization

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Technological Advances

• The steam engine
• Better transportation
• Increased exploration
• Improvements in communication

The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns)
on the Zambezi river in Africa
One of the first steam engines
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Cecil Rhodes
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• British imperialist who made huge profits from
  Africas natural resources
• Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa

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The Rhodes Colossus
This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions
to control the entire African continent.
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Motives 1

• Religious to spread the benefits of Christianity
  and Western Culture
• Political competition fuel by Nationalism,
  Empire Building

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The strong, industrialized nations of Europe used
imperialism to seize colonies dominate the
local govts economies in Africa Asia
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Justification for Imperialism

• A desire to civilize non-Europeans also spurred
  the development of imperialism 6
• Social Darwinism
• Europeans believed in the white mans burden
  that they had a responsibility to civilize the
  world From a poem in support of
  imperialism/Humanitarian help

Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest
Darwins handwritten cover page for The Origin of
Species
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Christianity Civilization
Describe 3 examples of European ethnocentrism in
the political cartoon.
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Imperialism Quote

• If you woke up one morning and found that
  somebody had come to your house, and had declared
  that the house belonged to him, you would
  naturally be surprised, and you would like to
  know by what arrangement.
• Jomo Kenyatta 1st President of Kenya
• How does this quote show an African reaction to
  European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

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Imperialism Quote

• Desmond Tutu when the missionaries came to
  Africa, they had the Bible and we had the land.
  They said let us close our eyes and pray. When
  we opened them, we had the Bible, and they had
  the land.
• How does this quote show an African reaction to
  European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

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The Maxim Gun 4
British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897
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The Berlin Conference1884 5
Rules to divide Africa among European powers to
avoid conflict among European powers Artificial
Borders Moral Justification 6 To civilize
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European Control of Africa

• By 1914, only two African nations remained
  independent
• Liberia and Ethiopia 2
• England and France controlled most of Africa 7

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Methods of Management

• Indirect Rule This form relied on using the
  existing African political rulers.
• Britain sometimes asked local chiefs to accept
  British rule and legislative councils were formed
  and included colonial (European) officials and
  merchants.
• The idea was that these councils would train the
  Africans, and at some point in time, these
  territories would be able to rule themselves,
  much like Australia and Canada.

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Methods of Management

• Direct Rule The French and most other European
  countries preferred stronger control because they
  felt that Africans were not civilized enough to
  rule themselves.
• They adopted a policy of paternalism, in which
  the Europeans acted like the Africans parents in
  providing for their survival, but denying them
  rights.
• They avoided training locals, and instead,
  brought along Europeans to rule the Africans.
• The French also supported a policy of
  assimilation, in which the native population
  would take on French customs and culture and be
  like them. 9
• African customs and culture were looked at as
  inferior, or not as good as French culture. 9
• Africans no political voice

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Direct vs. Indirect Rule 8

• European nations chose one of two different paths
  when it came to colonial rule

Indirect rule colonies were ruled through
existing traditional rulers Example Nigeria
Direct rule the colony was directly administered
by the colonizer Example Senegal
Result loss of power and influence By
Traditional rulers
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Cash Crop/Money Economy 10

• Africans sold labor to make money to pay taxes
• Problems
• Created dependence on Colonial rulers

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11 Purpose of the Railroads was to extract wealth
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12 Aim of Colonial Rulers

• To benefit Colonial economies accomplished by
  cash crop system and forced labor
• King Leopold II of Belgium
• Cecil Rhodes

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5-8 Million Victims! (50 of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers)
returning with the hands of the slain, and to
find the hands of young children amongst the
bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber
from this district has cost hundreds of lives,
and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to
help the oppressed, have been almost enough to
make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic
is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to
rise and sweep every white person on the Upper
Congo into eternity, there would still be left a
fearful balance to their credit. --
Belgian Official
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13 African Resistance and failure

• Many Africans resisted European rule
• Millions of Africans died
• Europeans superior military technology
• North Africa Algerians fought French
• West Africa Ibo and Fulani fought British
• Congo Free State 20 years of fighting
• Ethiopia exception European training preserved
  independence

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African Resistance 13

• Africans Confront Imperialism
• Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior
  weapons
• Unsuccessful Movements
• Algeria fights the French for 50 years
• German East Africa resistance results in 75,000
  deaths
• Successful Movements
• Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
• Plays Europeans against each other
• Stockpiles modern weapons
• Defeats Italy and remains independent
  

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African Resistance

• Unsuccessful Attempts Africans resisted
  Europeans in both military conflict, and through
  religious resistance.
• Algeria was able to resist French rule for 50
  years.
• French West Africa held out for 16 years because
  it had a strong king named Samori Toure that had
  modernized his military.
• In the end, only famine could beat Toure.

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African Resistance

• German East Africa Natives in this region used
  religious faith as defense.
• German colonizers had forced them to grow cash
  crops, such as cotton, instead of food.
• Natives came to believe that if magic water
  called maji-maji were sprinkled on their bodies,
  they would be bullet-proof
• Furthermore, they believed that God had approved
  of their struggle, and that their dead ancestors
  would rise from the grave and help them against
  the Germans.
• As many as 75,000 were mowed down by German Maxim
  machine guns, and 150,000 more starved to death
  later.

Maji-Maji prisoners captured by Germans.
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African Resistance

• Ethiopia A Successful Resistance Ethiopia was
  the only country that successfully resisted
  Europeans.
• Its king, Menelik II, played all of the European
  countries off of each other (tricked them) as
  they tried to convince him to be under their
  sphere of influence,
• While he tricked them, he bought modern weapons
  from the French and Russians.

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African Resistance

• In signing a treaty with Italy, Menelik II
  realized that he had been tricked by differences
  in translation between languages, and that he had
  given up control of his country.
• Menelik declared war on Italy, and was able to
  beat Italy at the Battle of Adowa. 1896
• Menelik II continued to stockpile weapons to
  resist any other attempts to take over his
  country.

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African Resistance
Africans did not passively accept European claims
to rule over them. As European troops advanced on
African territory, they met stiff resistance.
Even without modern weapons, other Africans still
fiercely resisted European powers.
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French and Germans

• French West Africa
• West Africa, leader of Malinke peoples, Samory
  Touré, formed army to fight against French rule
  fought for 15 years proclaimed self king of
  Guinea
• 1898, French defeated Touré, ended resistance to
  French rule in West Africa

• German East Africa
• Africans called on gods, ancestors for spiritual
  guidance in resistance
• 1905, several African peoples united to rebel
  against Germans order to grow cotton for export
  to Germany

• Rebellion Put Down
• To combat Germans, spiritual leader encouraged
  followers to sprinkle magic water over bodies to
  protect selves from German bullets did not work
• Rebellion quickly put down Germans killed tens
  of thousands of Africans

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The Legacy of Imperialism
Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin

Mozambican war refugees, 1978
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How do the pictures show how life changed for
Africans after the arrival of Europeans? 3
examples
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A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa

• European quest to control natural resources
• Doing so led to drastic changes in the
  infrastructure of the continent

The port of Zanzibar around 1900
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Transportation, Communication, Education, Medical
Care, Sanitation
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Effects

• New political systems
• Direct and Indirect Rule
• New Economic pattern
• money economy, cash crops, taxes, dependence,
  lack of diversity
• Transportation
• Communication
• Education
• Sanitation and water systems
• Medical Care
• migrant workers, chibaro (forced labor)
• breakdown of Family
• New attitude towards land
• Land ownership

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Effects

• Racism
• Christianity
• Artificial boundaries
• Educated African elite
• Nationalism
• Westernization
• Generalization change and breakdown of
  traditional values and organizations

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Economic Consequences

• Cash Crops
• depleted the soil and made it difficult to grow
  subsistence crops.
• undermine local industries because they sucked
  up most of the labor force.
• once colonies gained their independence, years of
  dependence on a single cash crop made it
  difficult to modernize and diversify their
  economies

Result Slowed development and modernization
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15 Effects of WWII in Africa

• Turning point to the Rise of Nationalist
  Movements
• Europe made some reforms but too late ex.
  African govt official
• Why?
• African saw the human side of European while
  serving together not superior destroyed their
  invincibility
• An increasing number of Africans reasoned that a
  war in which Europeans slaughtered fellow
  Europeans, meant that colonial regimes had little
  right to lecture African leaders and people about
  how to conduct their affairs

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Effects of European Imperialism on
Africa Directions Using your answers from
question 14 from Scramble for Africa sheet and
pages 102-104 from the text, categorize the
effects of European Imperialism on Africa an
improvement or disruption to African culture.
Improvement/Benefit Disruption

Was European Imperialism in Africa more
disruptive or beneficial to the African culture
and its people? Support your answer with
evidence.
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Improvement

• Material Improvements
• Transportation and communication
• RR and Telegraphs
• Hospitals
• Sanitation and water systems
• Formal education system (western)
• Educated African elite
• Nationalism

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• Disruption
• Disruption of Traditional African Life
• New political systems
• New Economic pattern money economy, cash crops,
  taxes, economic dependence, lack of diversity
• migrant workers, chibaro breakdown of Family
• New attitude towards land
• Racism
• Christianity
• Artificial boundaries
• westernization
• Generalization change and breakdown of
  traditional values and organizations

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Improvement Disruption
Material improvements Transportation and communication RR and Telegraphs Hospitals Sanitation and water systems Formal education system (western) Nationalism westernization Disruption of Traditional African Life New political systems New Economic pattern money economy, cash crops, taxes, dependence, lack of diversity migrant workers, chibaro breakdown of Family New attitude towards land Racism Christianity Artificial boundaries Educated African elite Generalization change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations