The Age of Imperialism

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The Age of Imperialism

• 1850 - 1914

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What is?

• Imperialism
• Social Darwinism
• Racism

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The Scramble for Africa

• Africa Before European Dominion
• Divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic
  groups.
• Followed traditional beliefs, others converted to
  Islam or Christianity.
• Politically groups were very different, ranged
  from large empires to independent villages.
• Travel to interior by Europeans near impossible.
• Africans controlled their own trade networks.

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The Scramble for Africa (cont.)

• Nations compete for overseas empires.
• Europeans who penetrated Africa were
• Explorers
• Missionaries
• Humanitarians

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The Scramble for Africa (cont.)

• The Congo Sparks Interest
• Dr. Livingstone
• Livingstone went on expedition into Africa.
• Lost contact with him.
• Henry Stanley
• Journalist sent to find Dr. Livingstone
• After near eight months of search he was found
  on November 10, 1871.
• Dr. Livingstone I presume?

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• Dr. Livingstone

Henry Stanley
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Scramble for Africa (cont.)

• Forces Driving Imperialism
• Belief in European Superiority.
• Racism
• Social Darwinism
• Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa.
• European Technological Superiority.
• Europeans had means to control.
• New medicines prevent diseases.

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The Division of Africa

• Berlin Conference Divides Africa
• Europeans countries present.
• No African ruler invited.
• Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies.

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The Mad Scramble for Africa
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A New Period of Imperialism

• Forms of Control
• Colony
• Governed by a foreign power
• Protectorate
• Governs itself, but under outside control
• Sphere of Influence
• Outside power controls investments trading
• Economic Imperialism
• Private business interests assert control

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A New Period of Imperialism

• Methods of Management
• Direct Control
• Paternalism Europeans provide for local people
  but grant no rights
• Assimilation adaptation of local people to
  ruling culture
• Indirect Control
• Limited self-rule for local governments

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African Resistance

• Unsuccessful Movements
• 50 year resistance to French rule in Algeria.
• Resistance movement in West Africa against French
  for 16 years.
• Africans in East Africa resist Germans with their
  faith and spirituality defense.
• Ethiopia A Successful Resistance.
• Only African Nation that successfully resisted
  European nations.

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Ethiopia A Successful Resistance.

• Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
• Plays Europeans against each other
• Stockpiles modern weapons
• Defeats Italy and remains independent

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Three Groups Clash over South Africa.
1st Battalion, 24th Foot, massacred at the hands
of the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana, 22nd
January 1879
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The Three Groups

• Africans
• Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British
• Zulu nation lost to British in 1887
• Boers
• Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa
  since the mid 1600s
• Also known as Afrikaners
• British
• Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin
  Conference

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Boer War

• Fought between the Boers and the British
• Many Africans fought with the Boers
• First example of total war
• British win in 1910
• Established the Union of South Africa (British
  Rule)

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Results of European Imperialism in Africa
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The Legacy of Colonial Rule

• Negative Effects
• Africa lost control of land.
• Lost Independence.
• Famine
• Loss of tradition
• Division of African continent.

• Positive Effects
• Reduced local warfare.
• In some
• Improved Sanitation
• Provided hospitals and schools.
• Lifespan and literacy increased.
• African products became valued internationally.

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European Claim Muslim Lands.

• Ottoman Empire Loses Power.
• Empire begins to decline in 1566 (Death of
  Suleyman I)
• Modernization movements are unsuccessful
• Greece and Serbia gain independence
• European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

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Crimean War (1853)

• Crimean War Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
• Russia seeks Ottoman land
• Access to a warm-water port
• Russia loses war
• Ottomans are shown to be weak
• Russia still is able to take land

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Egypt Ignites Reforms.

• Muhammad Ali
• Ottomans sent to Egypt to govern.
• Broke away from Ottoman control.
• Ali and his heirs became recognized as hereditary
  rulers of Egypt.
• He pushed for military and economic reforms.
• switch to cash crops.
• Cotton

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The Suez Canal.

• Built mainly by French money.
• Alis grandson Ismail Ismail supported its
  construction.
• Egypt had problems paying debt, Britain took
  financial control.

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Persia Pressured to Change

• Southwest Asia, Russia and Britain competed to
  exploit Persia.
• Persia gave up territories to Russia after
  military defeats in 1813 and 1828.
• In 1857 Britain made Persia relinquish all
  claims to Afghanistan.
• European interest in Persia was due to oil which
  was discovered in 1908.

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Persian Battle Over Tobacco

• Tensions arose between citizens and corrupt
  rulers.
• Ex. Persian ruler Nasir al-Din.
• Final straw British company was given rights to
  export tobacco.
• Tobacco boycott organized by Jamal
  al-Din-al-Afghani.
• Boycott successful.
• 1906 constitution established thanks to
  revolutionaries.
• Russia and Britain took over in 1907 dividing it
  into spheres of influence.

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British Imperialism in India

• British Expand Control over India
• East India Company
• Controls India thru economic imperialism
• Company uses an army including Indian soldiers
  known as sepoys
• India was seen as the most important colony
• Due to its production of raw materials
• Known as the Jewel in the Crown

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Effects of British Rule

• Impact of Colonialism
• Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
• British control political and economic power
• Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency
  and caused famine
• Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and
  missionaries
• Britain sought to modernize India

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Lets do an Activity!!!

• British entrepreneur (businessman) with a variety
  of investments in India.
• An upper-class Indian.
• An Indian who resents British domination.

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The Sepoy Mutiny

• Indians Rebel.
• A year of fighting sparked by misunderstanding.
• Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious
  reasons
• They had to bite them open greased with pork
  fat or beef fat
• Pork considered unclean by Muslims
• Cow sacred to Hindus
• Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled
• British put down the rebellion
• Turning Point.
• Marked a turning point in Indian history.
• Britain took direct control of India.
• Fueled racist attitudes of British towards
  Indians.
• Increased distrust between Indians and British.

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Nationalism Surfaces in India.

• Call for reforms
• India adopts modernization movements
• Many Indians adopt western ways
• Religious Issues Remain
• Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
• Called for independence from Britain
• Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
• Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

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Imperialism In Southeast Asia.

• European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim
• Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific
  Ocean
• Britain Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore
• Netherlands Indonesia
• France Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
• Why?
• Land perfect for establishing trading and
  military posts
• Excellent for plantation agriculture
• Siam remains Independent.

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US Imperialism in Pacific Islands.

• The Philippines Change Hands.
• Thanks to Spanish American War, US gains
  Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain.
• Philippines not happy fought US in 1899.
• US finally won in 1902.

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Southeast Asia
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China and Japan Confront the West
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China

• China vs. The West
• China was self-sufficient no need for trade
• China kept a favorable balance of trade
• Europeans were able to shift the balance
• Sale of Opium addictive drug from poppy plant
• Opium War China vs. Britain
• China loses signs Treaty of Nanjing
• Chinese power over the West ends

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China (cont.)

• Foreign Influence Grows
• Growing Spheres of Influence
• A Surge in Chinese Nationalism
• Boxer Rebellion
• Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign
  privilege
• Beginnings of Reform
• China tried to become more western
• Further added to internal problems

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Japan

• Japan remained isolated from western world for
  centuries only traded mainly with China
• Treaty of Kanagawa ends Japans isolation
• Meiji Reform Japan begins to modernize
  beginning in 1867
• Japan was competitive with the west in many
  modern industries

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Japan (cont.)

• Russo-Japanese War (1904)
• Treaty of Portsmouth
• Japan gained Russian territory
• Russia forced out of Korea
• Japan Controls Korea
• Takes control of the peninsula in 1910
• Begins a period of extreme oppression

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China and Japan Confront the West Comparison

• China
• Remains committed to traditional values.
• Loses numerous territorial conflicts.
• Grants other nations spheres of influence within
  China.
• Finally accepts reforms.

• Japan
• Considers modernization to be necessary.
• Borrows and adapts Western ways.
• Strengthens its economic military power.
• Becomes an empire builder.

• Both
• Have well establish traditional values.
• Initially resist change.
• Oppose Western imperialism.

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The World in 1914