The Protestant Reformation

1
The Protestant Reformation
2
Causes of the Reformation
SOCIAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC RELIGIOUS
Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to questions the church. The printing press helped spread ideas critical of the Church. Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the Pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. European princes and kings were jealous of the Churchs wealth. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church. Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.
3
Individual Objections to Church Practices

• Martin Luther objected to the role of good works
  for salvation ?he believed that through faith
  alone could one achieve salvation
• John Calvin objected to notion that all were
  saved?he believed in predestination
• Henry VIII objected to churches role in political
  realm

4
Luthers Protest
Pope Leo X was trying to raise money to rebuild
the St. Peters Basilica. To gain this money,
the Leo X began selling positions in the church
(simony) to his friends and also authorized the
sale of indulgences.
5
Indulgences are certificates issued by the Church
that reduced or canceled punishment of sin.Sold
by John Tetzel, the Indulgences were promoted as
tickets to Heaven.
6
Luthers 95 Theses

• 1517?with the popes approval, a German priest
  (Johann Tetzel) was selling indulgences in
  Wittenberg. With a monetary contribution to the
  Church any Christian could secure their place
  (and their familys) in heaven
• Luther was angry, he felt that through faith
  alone could one achieve salvation
• Luther created his 95 Theses
• (a list of arguments against
• indulgences) and nailed them
• to the door of Wittenbergs, All
• Saints Church

7
(No Transcript)
8
3 Main Points that Luther addressed
1. Salvation, or getting into Heaven, was won by
a persons faith alone. (Luther contested that
the sacraments and listening to the priests was
not necessary to get into Heaven.)
9
2. The Bible was the sole authority for
Christians and should be available to everybody.
(The Catholic Church insisted that only a priest
could read and interpret the Bible.)
10
3. All faithful Christians were equal before
God. (Since faith was all that mattered, all
faithful Christians were equally guaranteed to
enter Heaven.
11

• 1520 Pope Leo X banned Luthers works.
• 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the
  Church.

Luther is burning the excommunication paper from
the pope.
12
Shortly after Luthers excommunication, a diet or
council, of German princes met in Worms to try
and bring Luther back to the Church. Luther
refused to recant his words and was then called a
heretic and outlaw.
13
With his life in danger a friend, Prince
Frederick of Saxony had Luther kidnapped.
While in hiding, in this Wartburg Castle, Luther
translated the bible from Latin into German so
that all German may have access to reading the
bible.
14
Why did Luther win support?

• Some clergy hoped it would end Church corruption
• German princes followed Lutheran beliefs to try
  and end the rule of the Church and the Holy Roman
  emperor (get more power for themselves)-some
  didnt like to have to submit to a non-German
  Pope.
• Some wanted Church property
• National loyalty

15
The Peace of Augsburg

• The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to force
  Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church?it
  did not work
• 1555-he signed The Peace of Augsburg ?allowed
  each prince to choose either Catholic or Lutheran
  religion
• Most German states chose Lutheran and the south
  remained mostly Catholic

16
Henry VIII Becomes Protestant

• Henry VIII King of England and devout Catholic
• Given the title Defender of the Faith
• Wanted a male heir- he had only one daughter with
  his wife, Catharine, 42.
• He wanted a divorce to marry a younger wife to
  try for a son.
• Church NO divorce!

17
No DIVORCE so how about annul?

• Annul- the church can set aside the marriage
  (kind of like a divorce) but the church acts as
  if the marriage never happened.
• Pope turned down the request for the annulment.
• Henry VIII took matters into his own hands!

18
Parliament denies Popes Power

• Henry asks Parliament to pass laws that end the
  Popes power in England.
• Parliament legalizes the divorce, even though
  Henry had already secretly married Anne Boleyn.
• Act of Supremacy Ended all Popes power in
  England. Parliament and the king held the power.

Anne Boleyn could not produce a Male heir
either. Henry divorced Her, charged her with
treason, Locked her up and had Her beheaded!
19
Henry VIII

• Had 4 more wives after Anne Boleyn, the 3rd wife,
  Jane Seymour produced a male heir but died
  shortly after.
• After Henrys death his young son, Edward age 9
  ruled for a short while, then his two daughters
  also ruled.
• England had become PROTESTANT!

4th wife Anne of Cleve
3rd Wife
5th wife Catherine Howard
6th Wife- Catherine Parr
20
Henrys Children
              Mary I, daughter of Catherine of Aragon.                    Henry Fitzroy, son of Henry's mistress, Elizabeth Blount.               Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boleyn.               Edward VI, son of Jane Seymour.
21
John Calvin
May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000
times. - Calvin speaking to another reformer
whose ideas he disagreed with
22
John Calvin

• Anti-Catholic
• Influenced by Martin Luther
• Disagreed with Luthers Salvation through faith
  alone.
• Ideal Government was a theocracy government
  controlled by religious leaders.
• Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

23
Predestination

• Calvin believed in
• Salvation through Predestination
• At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven
  or hell

24
Calvin believed in

• Foreknowledge
• God knows everything that will happen in your
  life
• Purified approach to life
• No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling
  etc..

25
Christianity
Protestant
Catholic
Lutheran
Calvinism
Presbyterian
Puritan
Hugeunots