Between the Wars Depression, Democracy, Dictatorship

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Between the WarsDepression, Democracy,
Dictatorship
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Post WWI

• Treaty of Versailles had left problems
• Subject nationalities, border issues
• League of Nations ineffective (U.S. hadnt
  joined)
• Germany unable to make reparation payments
  France occupies Ruhr mines
• Terrible inflation German mark worthless

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Post War cont.

• Dawes Plan reduces reparations US loans to
  Germany, large investments in Europe
• Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war
• Germany joins League of Nations
• Peace seemed certain.

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The Great Depression

• Overproduction led to falling farm prices
• High tariffs reduced foreign trade
• Buying on credit (buy now pay later)
• Investors had pulled out of Germany to buy
  stocks
• Farm prices dropped foreclosures
• Buying stocks on margin (on credit)
• Stock Market crash - 1929

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Depression cont.

• Loans cant be repaid
• Banks fail, unemployment (Europe too)
• Communism gains supporters had predicted
  capitalism would lead to disaster (Marxists)

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Depression U.S.

• Hoovervilles (tents, shelters), soup and bread
  lines, Dust Bowl
• Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) New Deal
• Put people to work on roads, dams, bridges,
  forests, the arts, etc. (public works)
• Gradually pulls U.S. out of Depression
• People turn to leaders who give simple solutions
  DICTATORS
• Totalitarian governments emerge (p. 875)

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Italy Benito Mussolini

• Formed Fascist party 1923
• Black Shirts attacked socialists, broke up
  strikes
• King Victor Emmanuel allows Mussolini to become
  prime minister

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Reasons for Success

• Economic distress
• Fear of communism
• Appeal to nationalism
• Weak government
• Lack of democratic tradition
• Leadership of Mussolini

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Il Duce (The Leader)

• One party
• No civil liberties
• believe, fight, obey
• Public works created jobs
• Pope sovereign ruler of Vatican

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Mussolini cont.

• Militarism expanded conscription
• Imperialism took Ethiopia 1935
• Against League of Nations

• Invaded Albania 1939
• Joined Germany
• Axis Germany, Italy, Japan

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End of Fascism in Italy

• Many defeats
• People turned against him
• Captured and executed by anti-fascists

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Russia - Stalin

• Lenin dies 1924
• Joseph Stalin wins power struggle
• Leon Trotsky murdered
• Dictatorship

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Stalin cont.

• 5 Year Plans for economic growth
• Heavy industry iron, steel, elec. power
• Forced labor camps in Siberia for those who
  resisted
• Collective (state run) farms

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Germany - Hitler

• Born in Austria 1889
• Rejected by Vienna Art Academy
• Anti-Semitic ideas
• German nationalist
• Devastated by Germanys loss in war

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Hitler cont.

• Joined German Workers Party
• Nazi Party
• Police force - Storm Troopers (SA) (Brown Shirts)
  
• Beer Hall Putsch (takeover) 1923

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Hitler cont.

• Arrested, imprisoned
• Wrote Mein Kampf in prison
• Nationalism, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, need
  for lebensraum (living space)

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Hitler cont.

• Expanded Nazi party
• Appealed to young
• Dynamic, aggressive
• Gained seats gradually in the Reichstag

• Pres. Hindenburg appoints Hitler Chancellor in
  1933
• Weimar Republic (old German republic) is now gone
• 1933-1945 The Third Reich

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Nazism in Power

• Der Fuher (the leader) total power
• All parties outlawed
• Heinrich Himmler ran Gestapo, secret police (SS)
• Concentration camps for opponents
• First camp Dachau 34

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Nazism cont.

• Propaganda Ministry
• Joseph Goebbels
• Censored press
• Burned books

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Nazism cont.

• Education to instill blind obedience to the
  Fuhrer
• Nazi teachers, textbooks
• Taught superiority of Aryan race, evils of
  democracy

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Nazism cont.

• Science Culture
• Weapons of war
• Writers praised Hitler
• Jewish works banned
• Book burnings
• Attempts to scientifically prove Aryan supremacy

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Nazism

• Mass rallies especially at night
• Nuremberg
• Hitler youth

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Portrayal of Jews
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Persecution

• Nuremberg Laws, 1935, stripped Jews of rights
• Fired from jobs, ousted from homes
• Physical violence
• Pogroms organized attacks
• Kristallnacht night of broken glass 1938
• Concentrations camps

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Persecution to Holocaust

• Reinhard Heydrich
• Final Solution

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Civil War in China

• Jiang Jieshi nationalist leader of KMT
  (Kuomintang)
• Mao Zedong communist leader
• Long March fighting nationalist forces
• Gained many new followers
• Civil war suspended when Japan attacks in 1937
  (fought together against Japan WWII)
• After the war China becomes communist

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India

• Mohandas K. Gandhi promotes civil disobedience
  against British rule
• Boycotts, strikes, demonstrations
• Salt march to demonstrate hated salt tax
  monopoly
• Limited self rule
• Ultimately gains independence from GB in 1947