Unit 11 Chapters 34-36

1
Unit 11Chapters 34-36

• F.D.R- the Great Depression and WWII

2
The New Deal
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt sitting in
the Oval Office.
3
Electing Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Reform-minded projects friendliness, confidence
• Democrats overwhelmingly win Presidency, Senate,
  and House
• With Brain Trust, FDR formulates policies to
  alleviate problems
• New Deal relief for needy, economic recovery,
  financial reform

4
The Hundred Days

• FDR launches Hundred Days passes over 15 major
  New Deal laws
• Emergency Banking Relief Act permits Treasury
  Dept. to inspect banks
• - decides which are insolvent, sound, or need
  loans
• - public confidence in banks revived
• An Important Fireside Chat
• FDR gives fireside chats radio talks explaining
  New Deal measures
• First chat discusses need for public support of
  government, banks

5
Regulating Banking and Finance

• Glass-Steagall Act establishes Federal Deposit
  Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
• Federal Securities Act companies must give all
  information on stocks
• Securities and Exchange Commission created to
  regulate stock market
• 21st Amendment repeals prohibition by end of 1933

6
Other Alphabet Legislations

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
• Public Works Administration (PWA)
• Civil Works Administration (CWA)
• National Recovery Administration (NRA)
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration

7
Opposition to the New Deal

• Deficit spending spending more money than
  government takes in
• - funds New Deal
• Liberals New Deal does not do enough to help
  poor, fix economy
• Conservatives New Deal used to control business,
  socialize economy

8
Court Packing Scheme

• FDRs biggest political LOSS!!!!!!
• Frustrated w/ conservative judges That are OLD
  tries to convince Congress to allow him to
  appoint judges to help judges over 70
• Many see this as an attempt at a dictatorship
• Own party declines to pass legislation.
• Suddenly court becomes open to reform, others
  retire, and others die legally allowing FDR to
  appoint 7 new Judges

9
The Second Hundred Days

• Reelecting FDR
• 1936, Democrats win presidency, large majorities
  in both houses
• First time most African Americans vote Democratic
• First time labor unions support presidential
  candidate
• Elect popular First Lady as well Eleanor
  Roosevelt

10
More Alphabet Soup and Acts

• 1936 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
  replaces AAA
• Works Progress Administration(WPA)
• National Youth Administration (NYA)
• National Labor Relations Act
• - protects right to join unions, collective
  bargaining
• - prohibits unfair labor practices
• National Labor Relations Board hears testimony
  about labor practices
• Holds elections to determine if workers want
  unions
• Fair Labor Standards Act sets maximum hours,
  minimum wage

11
The Grand Daddy

• The Social Security Act
• 1935, Social Security Act creates Social Security
  system provides
• - insurance for retirees 65 or older
• - unemployment compensation
• - aid to disabled, families with children

12
Women and African- Americans Make their Mark

• Frances Perkins, secretary of labor, is first
  female cabinet member
• FDR also appoints 2 women as diplomats, 1 as
  federal judge
• Educator Mary McLeod Bethune heads Division of
  Negro Affairs of NYA
• Helps organize Black Cabinet of
  African-American advisers
• FDR appoints more than 100 African Americans to
  government

13
The President Fails to Support Civil Rights

• FDR afraid of upsetting white Southern Democratic
  voters
• Refuses to approve antilynching law, end to poll
  tax
• New Deal agencies discriminate against African
  Americans
• - pay them lower wages, favor whites
• Blacks still support FDR because overall life
  improves during his watch

14
FDR Wins in 1936

• Pro-labor legislation leads unions to donate
  money for FDR reelection
• Political organizations in large Northern cities
  support FDR
• Urban, religious, ethnic groups also support FDR
• - FDR appoints officials of urban- immigrant
  background

15
Culture in the 1930s

• Movies are a Hit
• About 65 of population goes to movies once a
  week
• Films offer escape from reality show wealth,
  romance, fun
• Gone With the Wind perhaps most famous
• film of era
• Musicalslive action or animatedway to forget
  problems
• Comedies, realistic gangster movies especially
  popular
• Several films present New Deal policies in
  positive light

16
Radio Entertains

• 90 of households have a radio families listen
  together every day
• Dramas, variety shows play in evening
• Orson Welles actor, director, producer, writer
• Soap operas for homemakers broadcast in middle of
  day
• Childrens shows after school hours
• Immediate news coverage becomes customary

17
Diverse Writers Depict American Life

• Federal Writers Project supports many who become
  major writers
• Richard Wright, African-American author, writes
  Native Son
• John Steinbeck writes The Grapes of Wrath about
  Dust Bowl migrants
• Some writers examine difficulty of life in 1930s
• Others show dignity of ordinary people, values of
  small-town life

18
Supporters and Critics of the New Deal

• Conservatives think FDR made federal government
  too large
• - stifled free enterprise, individual
  initiative
• Liberals didnt do enough to socialize economy,
  end inequalities
• Supporters did help country recover from
  economic difficulties

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The Impact of the New Deal

• FDR expands power of federal government,
  president
• New Deal does not end Depression does reduce
  suffering, give hope
• Federal government goes into debt to create jobs,
  give aid
• Massive spending on equipment, supplies for WW II
  end Depression

20
Enduring Reforms Made to the Following

• Banking and Finance
• Social Security
• The Rural Scene
• The Environment

21
World War Looms
Adolf Hitler speaking over the radio microphone
(May 9, 1934).
22
Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement

• Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in
  Europe
• Germany resents blame for war, loss of colonies,
  border territories
• Russia resents loss of lands used to create
  other nations
• New democracies flounder under social, economic
  problems
• Dictators rise driven by nationalism, desire for
  more territory

23
Joseph Stalin transforms the Soviet Union

• 1922 V. I. Lenin establishes Soviet Union after
  civil war
• 1924 Joseph Stalin takes over
• - replaces private farms with collectives
• - creates second largest industrial power
  famines kill millions
• - purges anyone who threatens his power
  8 13 million killed
• Totalitarian government exerts almost complete
  control over people

24
The Rise of Fascism

• Fascism stresses nationalism, needs of state
  above individual
• Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic
  collapse, communism
• Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German
  Workers Party (NAZIS)
• Mein Kampfbasic beliefs of Nazism, based on
  extreme nationalism
• Wants to unite German-speaking people, enforce
  racial purification
• Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic
  establishes Third Reich

25
Militarists Gain Control in Japan

• 1931, Nationalist military leaders seize
  Manchuria
• League of Nations condemns action Japan quits
  League
• Militarists take control of Japanese government

26
Aggression in Europe and Africa

• 1933, Hitler quits League 1935, begins military
  buildup
• Sends troops into Rhineland, League does nothing
  to stop him
• 1935, League fails to stop Mussolinis invasion
  of Ethiopia

27
Civil War Breaks Out in Spain

• 1936, General Francisco Franco rebels against
  Spanish republic
• - Spanish Civil War begins
• Hitler, Mussolini back Franco Stalin aids
  opposition
• Western democracies remain neutral
• War leads to Rome-Berlin Axisalliance between
  Italy and Germany
• 1939, Franco wins war, becomes fascist dictator

28
Americans Cling to Isolationism

• Public is outraged at profits of banks, arms
  dealers during WW I
• Americans become isolationists FDR backs away
  from foreign policy
• 1935 Neutrality Acts try to keep U.S. out of
  future wars
• - outlaws arms sales, loans to nations at war

29
Neutrality Breaks Down

• 1937 Japan launches new attack on China FDR
  sends aid to China
• FDR wants to isolate aggressor nations to stop
  war
• 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass
  cash-and-carry provision
• Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler,
  keep U.S. out of war
• FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers
  free to conquer world
• - U.S. must become arsenal of democracy
• By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy
  U.S. arms
• 1941 Lend-Lease Act U.S. to lend or lease
  supplies for defense
• Shoot on Sight

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Events that lead to WAR in Eur.

• 1938, German troops march into Austria unopposed,
  union complete
• 1938, Prime Ministers Daladier, Neville
  Chamberlain meet with Hitler
• Sign Munich Agreement, hand Sudetenland over to
  Germany
• Winston Churchill condemns appeasement policy,
  warns war will follow
• Appeasementgiving up principles to pacify an
  aggressor
• Stalin, Hitler sign nonaggression pactwill not
  attack each other
• Sept. 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in blitzkrieg,
  lightning war

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• Holocaust
• Genicide

32
FDR Plans for War

• FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charterjoint
  declaration of war aims
• Alliesnations that fight Axis powers 26 nations
  sign Declaration

33
The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• 2,403 Americans killed 1,178 wounded
• Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged
• Congress approves FDRs request for declaration
  of war against Japan
• Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
• U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic,
  Pacific Oceans

34
Mobilizing for Defense

• Selective Service and the GI
• After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for
  military service
• 10 million more drafted to meet needs of
  two-front war
• Includes women and minorities in great numbers

35
The Industrial Response

• Factories convert from civilian to war production
• Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
• Produce ships, arms rapidly
• - use prefabricated parts
• - people work at record speeds
• Nearly 18 million workers in war industries 6
  million are women
• Over 2 million minorities hired face strong
  discrimination at first
• Organizes march on D.C. FDR executive order
  forbids discrimination

36
Mobilization of Scientists

• Office of Scientific Research and Development
  technology, medicine
• Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
• J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director
• July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico
  desert
• President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic
  bombs on Japan

37
The Federal Government Takes Control

• Economic Controls
• Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes
  prices, fights inflation
• Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand
  for scarce goods
• War Production Board (WPB) says which companies
  convert production
• - allocates raw materials
• - organizes collection of recyclable
  materials
• Rationing!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

38
Steps towards V Victory in Europe

• Battle of Atlantic
• Battle of Stalingrad
• North Africa
• Italian Campaign
• D-Day
• Battle of Bulge
• Battle of Berlin
• V-E Day

39
Roosevelts Death

• FDR dies April 12 Vice President Harry S. Truman
  becomes president
• May 8, 1945, V-E Day Victory in Europe Day

40
Steps that lead to V-J Day

• Doolittles Raid
• Battle of the Coral Sea
• The Battle of Midway
• Iwo Jima
• The Battle for Okinawa
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders

41
The Yalta Conference

• February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in
  Yalta
• - discuss post-war world
• FDR, Churchill concession temporarily divide
  Germany into 4 parts
• Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe
  will fight Japan
• FDR gets support for conference to establish
  United Nations

42
The War Trials

• Nuremberg trials 24 Nazi leaders tried,
  sentenced
• - charged with crimes against humanity,
  against the peace, war crimes
• Establish principle that people responsible for
  own actions in war
• Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced

43
The Home Front

• Economic Gains
• Defense industries boom, unemployment falls to
  1.2 in 1944
• - average pay rises 10 during war
• Farmers prosper from rising crop prices, increase
  in production
• - many pay off mortgages
• Percentage of women in work force rises to 35

44

• Social Adjustments
• Families adjust to fathers in military mothers
  rear children alone
• Families must get to know each other again after
  fathers return
• Many couples rush to marry before husband goes
  overseas
• 1944 GI Bill of Rights or Servicemens
  Readjustment Act
• - pays education loan guarantees for homes,
  new businesses
• War triggers mass migrations to towns with
  defense industries

45
Internment of Japanese Americans

• Japanese Americans Placed in Internment
• Camps
• Hawaii governor forced to order internment
  (confinement) of Japanese
• 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans in
  four states
• U.S. Army forces 110,000 Japanese Americans into
  prison camps
• 1944 Korematsu v. United StatesCourt rules in
  favor of internment
• After war, Japanese American Citizens League
  pushes for compensation
• 1988, Congress grants 20,000 to everyone sent to
  relocation camp

46

• Next on the Agenda Post War America and the Cold
  War
• We are close to the finish line GET focused