Between the Wars

1

• Between the Wars

2

• Not a Lasting Peace
• Article 231 - War Guilt Treaty of V
• War Reparations for Germany
• Lost Land Eastern Europe
• Mandates Middle East
• Map p. 799

3
New Democracies Unstable w/ Exception of
Czechoslovakia

• After WWI, new democracies (S SE Europe) had
  little experience
• 1914-1918 Europes last absolute rulers
  overthrown
• Coalition Government temporary alliance of
  several parties - needed to form a parliamentary
  majority

4
1920s England

• Econ suffered through the 1920s
• Unemployment hovered around 11
• Labour Party vs Conservatives
• Labour MacDonald 1923 29
• 1926 General Strike by unhappy miners
• John Maynard Keynes ignored

5
1920s France

• Raymond Poincare - conservative prime minister
• 1923 occupation of Ruhr Valley destroyed German
  economy w/ passive resistance
• Also hurt French

6
(No Transcript)
7
1920s France

• Little Entente
• Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovakia
• New countries have much to lose if Treaty of
  Versailles revised
• France joins to neutralize Germany

8
Weimar Republic

• Set up in 1919 (Germany)
• Avoids Spartacists in 1919
• Very weak
• Germany lacked democratic tradition
• Millions blamed Republic for Germanys defeat
  humiliation

9
Inflation in Germany

• Didnt increase wartime taxes
• German govt printed money to pay for war (bad
  for econ) Ruhr Valley
• Paper money lost value
• 1918 cost of breadless than 1 mark 1922 cost
  of breadmore than 160 marks 1923 American
  dollar worth 4.2 trillion marks.

10
Attempts _at_ Economic Stability

• Germany recovered from 1923 inflation b/c of an
  international committee
• Dawes Plan 1924
• 200 million dollar American loan
• Set more realistic schedule for reparations

11
Efforts at a Lasting Peace

• Gustav Stresemann (German FM) Aristide Briand
  (French FM)
• Met at Locarno 1925
• Promised to never make war against each other
• Germany admitted to the League of Nations

12
Efforts at a Lasting Peace cont

• Kellogg-Briand pact 1928
• Kellogg U.S. Secretary of State
• Outlawed war
• Later Germany, Italy, and Japan violated these
  pacts

13
A Flawed U.S. Economy

• 3 major weaknesses
• 1. Uneven distribution of wealth
• Richest 5 of population received 33 all
  personal income (1929)
• 60 made lt 2,000 a year

14
A Flawed U.S. Economy cont

• 2. Overproduction of business and agriculture
• 1929 U.S.turning out 50 worlds industrial
  goods
• New methods led to dramatic increase in
  agricultural goods (drove prices downfarmers not
  making a profit)
• 3. Less demand for consumer goods

15
Stock Market Crash

• Many middle income people bought stocks on
  margin- put small percentage down, then borrowed
  the rest from the stockbroker (bad for econ)
• Thursday October 24 downward spiral

16
Stock Market Crash cont

• Tuesday October 29 16 million stocks sold,
  market collapsed
• Billions of dollars vanished
• Symptom of the Great Depression by 1933 ¼ of
  American workers did not have a job

17
Global Depression

• U.S. placed high tariffs on imports
• World trade dropped 65
• Japanese also suffered greatly
• Starving families ate tree bark

18
Britain Takes Steps to Improve Economy

• National Government multi party coalition
• Passed high protective tariffs
• Increased taxes
• Regulated the currency
• By 1937 unemployment was cut in half

19
France Responds to Economic Crisis

• Better off less dependent on foreign trade
• Led to political instability 193335 coalition
  governments formed and fell
• Popular Front social reform to divert away from
  fascism

20
Socialist Governments Find Solutions

• Scandinavian countries successful
• Built recovery programs on tradition of
  cooperative community action
• Massive public works
• Democracy remained intact

21
Recovery in the U.S.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• New Deal
• Large public works
• Helped provide jobs
• Regulations on stock market and banking system
• Slow recovery

22
Between the WarsTHE RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
23
totalitarian

• Of, relating to, being, or imposing a form of
  government in which the political authority
  exercises absolute and centralized control over
  all aspects of life, the individual is
  subordinated to the state, and opposing political
  and cultural expression is suppressed

24
Fascism

• A system of government marked by centralization
  of authority under a dictator, stringent
  socioeconomic controls, suppression of the
  opposition through terror and censorship, and
  typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and
  racism.
• A political philosophy or movement based on or
  advocating such a system of government.

25
Fascism

• Anti-Semitic
• Anti-Parliamentary
• Anti-Communism/socialism
• Play on fear of people
• Militaristic

26
Italy under Mussolini(opportunist)Model for
Hitler
27
Fascisms Basics

• Created by Mussolini
• From Roman fasces
• Beliefs
• Against democracy and Marxism
• Extreme nationalism

28
Reasons for its Rise

• Economic distress
• Fear of Communism
• Appealed to nationalism
• Mussolinis leadership
• Weak government
• No democratic tradition

29
Italy under Fascism

• 1922-1943 led by Il Duce

• Mussolini's March on Rome, October, 1922

30
Italy under Fascism

• Controlled labor and industry
• Created public works
• Controlled religion
• Lateran Accord1929
• Required military service
• Built alliances and empire

31
Germany under Hindenburgand Hitler

• Reich President Hindenburg greets Reich
  Chancellor Hitler on March 12, 1933

32
Weimar Republic

• 1919-1933
• Hitler formed the National Socialist Party
• Advocated dictatorship, nationalism, and
  militarism
• Belittled intelligence

33
Factors in Nazi Rise

• Economic distress

34
Factors in Nazi Rise

• Nationalism (after WWI)
• Fear of Communism
• Anti-Semitism
• Hitlers charisma leadership
• Weaknesses of Weimar government
• Lack of democratic tradition

35
Nazis Seized Power

• 1923Nazi putsch in Munich easily
  suppressed
• Hitler jailed
• Mein Kampf
• Outlines everything
• going to do

• 1932Nazis largest party in Reichstag

1927, Nuremberg
36
Nazis Seized Power

• Nazi Poster for 1932 Presidential Election - "Our
  Last Hope Hitler"

37
Nazis Seized Power

• In 1933, Hitler appointed chancellor by
  Hindenburg
• Nazis narrowly won new elections
• Ended Weimar Republic
• Hitler became dictator

Jan. 30, 1933
38

• Opening Session of Reichstag, March 21, 1933,
  Hitler taking oath of office as chancellor

39
Rise of Stalinism

• Lenins war communism to get through Bol. Rev.
• 1921 Lenin New Economic Policy (NEP)
• Peasants sell goods openly
• Small industry public
• 1924 Lenin dies struggle for power in Politburo
  - Trotsky v Stalin

40
VS
41
Stalin Wins

• Stalins position as Party Secretary had more
  influence
• Policy of socialism in one country
• Trotsky expelled murdered in Mexico on Stalins
  orders

42
Stalinist Era

• Five Year Plans (shift in policy)
• Industrialization Focus
• Ex 1928-1937 steel production rose 4-18 million
  tons/yr
• Collectivization of Agriculture
• Kulaks - land owning peasants 10 million starve

43
Stalinist Era cont.

• Great Purge 1936-1938 millions of Old Bolsheviks
  arrested/killed
• Secret police Propaganda
• Reverse of social legislation
• Women motherhood patriotic duty
• Strengthened bureaucracy

44
Spanish Civil War 1936-39

• General Francisco Franco led right wing military
  revolt against the Popular Front
• Italy Germany supported
• Only Soviet Union opposed kept France Britain
  out
• Franco dictator til death 1975